Wyoming House of Representatives

From Ballotpedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Wyoming House of
Representatives
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:   February 12, 2024
Session end:   March 8, 2024
Term length:   2 years
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Legislature-dominant
Salary:   $150/day
+ per diem
Members
Total:  62
Democrats:  5
Republicans:  57
Other:  0
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
Speaker:   Albert Sommers (R)
Maj. Leader:   Chip Neiman (R)
Min. Leader:   Mike Yin (D)
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024

The Wyoming House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Wyoming State Legislature. Alongside the Wyoming State Senate, it forms the legislative branch of the Wyoming state government and works alongside the governor of Wyoming to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Wyoming House of Representatives include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Wyoming House of Representatives meets in the state capitol building in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

  • All 62[1] seats in the Wyoming House of Representatives were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Republican supermajority increased from 51-7 (with two minor party members) to 57-5.
  • All 60 House seats were up for election in 2020. The chamber's Republican supermajority increased from 49-9 (with one independent and one vacancy) to 51-7 (with two minor party members).
  • Wyoming has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

  • This page contains the following information on the Wyoming House of Representatives.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Wyoming House of Representatives as of January 2024:

    Party As of January 2024
         Democratic Party 5
         Republican Party 57
         Independent 0
         Libertarian Party 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 62

    Members

    Leadership

    The speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the body.[2]

    Leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 1 Chip Neiman Republican January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 2 Allen Slagle Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 3 Abby Angelos Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 4 Jeremy Haroldson Republican January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 5 Scott Smith Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 6 Tomi Strock Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 7 Bob Nicholas Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 8 David Zwonitzer Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 9 Landon Brown Republican January 2, 2017
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 10 John Eklund Jr. Republican 2011
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 11 Jared Olsen Republican January 2, 2017
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 12 Clarence Styvar Republican September 21, 2018
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 13 Ken Chestek Democratic January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 14 Trey Sherwood Democratic January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 15 Donald Burkhart Republican 2011
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 16 Mike Yin Democratic January 7, 2019
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 17 J.T. Larson Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 18 Scott Heiner Republican January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 19 Jon Conrad Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 20 Albert Sommers Republican January 7, 2013
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 21 Lane Allred Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 22 Andrew Byron Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 23 Liz Storer Democratic January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 24 Sandy Newsome Republican January 7, 2019
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 25 David Northrup Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 26 Dalton Banks Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 27 Martha Lawley Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 28 John Winter Republican January 7, 2019
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 29 Ken Pendergraft Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 30 Mark Jennings Republican January 5, 2015
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 31 John Bear Republican January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 32 Ken Clouston Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 33 Sarah Penn Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 34 Pepper Ottman Republican January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 35 Tony Locke Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 36 Art Washut Republican January 7, 2019
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 37 Steve Harshman Republican 2003
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 38 Tom Walters Republican January 7, 2013
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 39 Cody Wylie Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 40 Barry Crago Republican January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 41 Bill Henderson Republican January 2, 2017
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 42 Ben Hornok Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 43 Dan Zwonitzer Republican 2005
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 44 Tamara Trujillo Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 45 Karlee Provenza Democratic January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 46 Ocean Andrew Republican January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 47 Robert Davis Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 48 Clark Stith Republican 2017
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 49 Ryan Berger Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 50 Rachel Rodriguez-Williams Republican January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 51 Cyrus Western Republican 2019
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 52 Reuben Tarver Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 53 Christopher Knapp Republican December 1, 2020
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 54 Lloyd Charles Larsen Republican January 7, 2013
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 55 Ember Oakley Republican January 4, 2021
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 56 Jerry Obermueller Republican January 2, 2017
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 57 Jeanette Ward Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 58 Bill Allemand Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 59 Kevin O'Hearn Republican July 30, 2020
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 60 Tony Niemiec Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 61 Daniel Singh Republican January 2, 2023
    Wyoming House of Representatives District 62 Forrest Chadwick Republican January 2, 2023


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2023
    SalaryPer diem
    $150/day$109/day

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Wyoming legislators assume office the first Monday in January in odd-numbered years.[3]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    Section 2 of Article 3 of the Wyoming Constitution states, "No person shall be a senator who has not attained the age of twenty-five years, or a representative who has not attained the age of twenty-one years, and who is not a citizen of the United States and of this state and who has not, for at least twelve months next preceding his election resided within the county or district in which he was elected."[4]

    Historical party control

    Republicans won control of the Wyoming House of Representatives in 1966. In 2022, they won a 57-5 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the Wyoming House following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Wyoming House of Representatives election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 19 13 17 17 14 15 14 17 19 9 8 9 8 9 7 5
    Republicans 41 47 43 43 46 45 46 43 41 51 52 51 52 50 51 57
    Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Wyoming was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: None
    • Republican trifecta: 1995-2002, 2011-2023
    • Divided government: 1992-1994, 2003-2010

    Wyoming Party Control: 1992-2024
    No Democratic trifectas  •  Twenty-two years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor D D D R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Wyoming state representatives serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years. Wyoming holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2024

    See also: Wyoming House of Representatives elections, 2024

    Elections for the Wyoming House of Representatives will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024. A primary is August 20, 2024. The filing deadline is May 31, 2024.

    2022

    See also: Wyoming House of Representatives elections, 2022

    Elections for the Wyoming House of Representatives took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for August 16, 2022. The filing deadline was May 27, 2022.

    2020

    See also: Wyoming House of Representatives elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Wyoming House of Representatives took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for August 18, 2020. The filing deadline was May 29, 2020.

    In the 2020 elections, the Republican majority in the Wyoming House of Representatives increased from 49-9 to 51-7. Two third-party members were also elected to the state House.

    Wyoming House of Representatives
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 9 7
         Republican Party 49 51
         Libertarian Party 0 1
         Independent 1 1
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 60 60

    2018

    See also: Wyoming House of Representatives elections, 2018

    Elections for the Wyoming House of Representatives took place in 2018. The closed primary election took place on August 21, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline for major party candidates was June 1, 2018.[5]

    In the 2018 elections, the Republican majority in the Wyoming House of Representatives was reduced from 51-9 to 50-9.

    Wyoming House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 9 9
         Republican Party 51 50
         Independent 0 1
    Total 60 60

    2016

    See also: Wyoming House of Representatives elections, 2016

    Elections for the Wyoming House of Representatives took place in 2016. The primary election took place on August 16, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was May 27, 2016. All 60 seats in the Wyoming House of Representatives were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 51-9 majority. Republicans gained one seat in the election, giving them a 52-8 majority.

    Wyoming House of Representatives
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 9 8
         Republican Party 51 52
    Total 60 60

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Wyoming State Legislature, the board of county commissioners representing the vacant district must select a replacement. The meeting to pick the candidates should take place no later than 15 days after the state central committee is notified of the vacancy. The state central committee of the political party that last held the seat must submit a list of three candidates to the board of county commissioners. Within five days of receiving the list of three candidates, the board of county commissioners shall appoint one of the candidates to fill the vacancy.[12]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Wyoming Const. Art. 3, Sec. 51 and Wyoming Stat., §22-18-111(a)(iii)

    District map

    See also: Wyoming state legislative districts

    The state of Wyoming has 60 state House districts. Each district elects one representative.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.



    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Wyoming

    Wyoming is home to one at-large congressional district, making congressional redistricting unnecessary. State legislative district lines are drawn by the state legislature. State legislative district plans are subject to veto by the governor.[13]

    In 2011, a joint legislative committee adopted the following guidelines for state legislative redistricting:[13]

    1. Districts should be contiguous and compact.
    2. Districts should "reflect a community of interest."
    3. Districts should "consider significant geographic features."
    4. "A majority of the population of each county" should reside within a single district.
    5. "Consideration should be given to nesting two House districts in each state Senate district."

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Wyoming after the 2020 census


    District map after 2020 redistricting

    This map took effect for Wyoming's 2022 legislative elections.

    WY House map 2022.jpg


    2010

    See also: Redistricting in Wyoming after the 2010 census

    According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Wyoming's population increased from just under 494,000 to over 563,000 from 2000 to 2010.[14] This increase of 14.5 percent was higher than the national average, but Wyoming still had less people than the average size for one Congressional district.[15]

    The Joint Interim Committee on Corporations, Elections, and Political Subdivisions decided to keep single-member districts and the current configuration of 30 members in the Senate and 60 members in the House. Only 34 of the 90 old House and Senate districts were within the accepted five percent margin of error from the ideal population, suggesting that many districts would have to be reshuffled.[16] After having public hearings, the Committee adopted a complete map in December of 2011, and gave it final approval in January of 2012. The Senate and the House both passed the final map by wide margins (28-2 in the Senate and 51-8 in the House) and Governor Matt Mead (R) signed the map into law on March 6, 2012.[17][18]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Wyoming House of Representatives has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the House to the Senate and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Wyoming by year

    2024

    See also: 2024 Wyoming legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature is scheduled to convene on February 12, 2024, and adjourn on March 8, 2024.

    2023

    See also: 2023 Wyoming legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 10, 2023, and adjourn on March 3, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in Wyoming

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[25] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article III of the Wyoming Constitution establishes when the Wyoming State Legislature, of which the House of Representatives is a part, is to be in session. Sections 6 and 7 of Article III contain the relevant provisions. The Legislature is to convene in regular session for no more than sixty legislative working days every two years, and no more than forty legislative days in any year. In odd-numbered years, the Legislature meets for a general and budget session, beginning on the second Tuesday of January. In even-numbered years, the Legislature meets for a session devoted to budgetary matters.

    Section 7 of Article III contains the provisions for convening special sessions of the Legislature. Special sessions can be convened by the proclamation of the Governor of Wyoming, or the Legislature can convene a special session of up to twenty legislative days if the session is requested by a majority of the members of each legislative house.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-Republican Party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Wyoming are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 42 of the 62 members in the Wyoming House of Representatives and 21 of the 31 members in the Wyoming State Senate. Wyoming is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    Authority: Article 4, Section 8 of the Wyoming Constitution.

    "Every bill which has passed the legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon the journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members elected agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it be approved by two-thirds of the members elected, it shall become a law; but in all such cases the vote of both houses shall be determined by the yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered upon the journal of each house respectively."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Wyoming state budget and finances
    Wyoming on Public Policy Logo-one line-on Ballotpedia.png
    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    BudgetsCivil libertiesEducationElectionsEnergyEnvironmentHealthcarePensions

    The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[26]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in June.
    2. State agencies submit their budget requests in August.
    3. Agency hearings are held September through November.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the Wyoming State Legislature by the third Monday in November.
    5. The Wyoming State Legislature adopts a budget in March. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.
    6. The biennial budget cycle begins July 1.


    Wyoming is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[26]

    In Wyoming, the governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget. In addition, the legislature is constitutionally required to pass a balanced budget.[26]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Wyoming state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Wyoming House of Representatives has 22 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Wyoming Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article 20 of the Wyoming Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Wyoming

    The Wyoming Constitution provides two mechanisms for amending the state's constitution—a legislative process and a state constitutional convention. Wyoming requires a simple majority vote (50% plus 1) for voters to approve constitutional amendments.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    A two-thirds vote is required during one legislative session for the Wyoming State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 42 votes in the Wyoming House of Representatives and 21 votes in the Wyoming State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

    Convention

    See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

    According to Section 3 of Article 20 of the Wyoming Constitution, a two-thirds (66.67%) vote is required during one legislative session for the Wyoming State Legislature to place a constitutional convention question on the ballot. If a simple majority of voters approve the question, then the legislature needs to call for a convention during its next session.



    2025 measures:

    See also: 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.

    No measures to list

    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.

    See also: Wyoming 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
    Wyoming Property Tax on Residential Property and Owner-Occupied Primary Residences AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 21Yes votes: 22 (70.97%)No votes: 8 (25.81%)Yes: 2; No: 0Yes: 20; No: 8
    House:Required: 42Yes votes: 53 (85.48%)No votes: 9 (14.52%)Yes: 5; No: 0Yes: 48; No: 9


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.

    No measures to list

    See also

    Elections Wyoming State Government State Legislatures State Politics
    Ballotpedia Elections Badge-VOTE-no shadow-Square.jpg
    Wyoming State Flag-Close Up.jpg
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. Two new seats were added to the Wyoming House of Representatives during the redistricting process.
    2. Wyoming Legislature, "About the Legislature," accessed February 17, 2021
    3. Justia, "2020 Wyoming Statutes Title 22 - Elections Chapter 2 - General Provisions Section 22-2-107 - When Elected State and County Officers Assume Offices.," accessed November 4, 2021
    4. Wyoming Constitution, "Article 3, Section 2," accessed February 9, 2023
    5. Wyoming Secretary of State, "2018 Key Election Dates," accessed June 2, 2017
    6. Follow the Money, "Wyoming House 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed August 14, 2013
    7. Follow the Money, "Wyoming 2008 Candidates," accessed August 14, 2013
    8. Follow the Money, "Wyoming 2006 Candidates," accessed August 14, 2013
    9. Follow the Money, "Wyoming 2004 Candidates," accessed August 14, 2013
    10. Follow the Money, "Wyoming 2002 Candidates," accessed August 14, 2013
    11. Follow the Money, "Wyoming 2000 Candidates," accessed August 14, 2013
    12. Wyoming Legislature, "Wyoming Election Code," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 22-18-111 (iii)-(A))
    13. 13.0 13.1 All About Redistricting, "Wyoming," accessed April 28, 2015
    14. U.S. Census Bureau, "2010 Census: Wyoming Profile," accessed June 10, 2014
    15. U.S. Census Bureau, "Congressional Apportionment," November 2011
    16. Wyoming Tribune Eagle, "Redistricting process gaining momentum," May 22, 2011
    17. Wyoming Tribune Eagle, "Redistricting plan clears both House and Senate," March 10, 2012
    18. Pinedale Roundup, "Gov. Mead signs redistricting plan into law," March 8, 2012
    19. Oil City News, "RARE WYOMING LEGISLATURE SPECIAL SESSION TO TAKE ON COVID-19," May 15, 2020
    20. Ben Neary, The Washington Times, "Medicaid and budget issues face Wyoming Legislature," January 25, 2015
    21. wyofile.com, "Legislature 2014: What you need to know about the budget session," December 3, 2013
    22. Cody Enterprise, "Wyoming Legislature set for ‘wild ride’," January 2, 2013
    23. National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    24. Wyoming Legislative Service Office, "2010 session dates for Wyoming Legislature," accessed August 1, 2014
    25. Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    26. 26.0 26.1 26.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023