Virginia State Senate
| Virginia State Senate | |
 | |
| General Information | |
| Party control: | Democrat |
| Session start: | January 10, 2024 |
| Session end: | March 9, 2024 |
| Term length: | 4 years |
| Term limits: | None |
| Redistricting: | Commission |
| Salary: | $18,000/year for senators. $17,640/year for delegates. + per diem |
| Members | |
| Total: | 40 |
| Democrats: | 22 |
| Republicans: | 17 |
| Other: | 0 |
| Vacancies: | 1 |
| Leadership | |
| President: | Winsome Sears (R) |
| Maj. Leader: | Dick Saslaw (D) |
| Min. Leader: | Thomas Norment Jr. (R) |
| Elections | |
| Last election: | November 7, 2023 |
| Next election: | November 2, 2027 |
The Virginia State Senate is the upper chamber of the Virginia General Assembly. Alongside the Virginia House of Delegates, it forms the legislative branch of the Virginia state government and works alongside the governor of Virginia to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Virginia State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.
The Virginia State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Richmond, Virginia.
Virginia has a divided government where neither party holds a trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and the lower chamber of the state legislature, while the Democratic Party controls the upper chamber of the state legislature. |
This page contains the following information on the Virginia State Senate.
- Which party controls the chamber
- The chamber's current membership
- Partisan control of the chamber over time
- Elections in the chamber and how vacancies are filled
- A district map
- How redistricting works in the state
- Legislation currently under consideration
- Legislative session dates
- Legislative procedures, such as veto overrides and the state budget process
- A list of committees
Party control
Current partisan control
The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Virginia State Senate as of January 2024:
| Party | As of January 2024 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 22 | |
| Republican Party | 17 | |
| Other | 0 | |
| Vacancies | 1 | |
| Total | 40 | |
Members
Leadership
The lieutenant governor serves as presiding officer of the Senate. In the event of the lieutenant governor's absence, the president pro tempore becomes presiding officer. The president pro tempore is elected by the Senate.[1]
Leadership and members
- Senate president: Winsome Sears (R)
- Senate president pro tempore: Louise Lucas (D)
- Majority leader: Dick Saslaw (D)
- Minority leader: Thomas Norment Jr. (R)
Salaries
- See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
| State legislative salaries, 2023 | |
|---|---|
| Salary | Per diem |
| $18,000/year for senators. $17,640/year for delegates. | $209/day |
Swearing in dates
Virginia legislators assume office the second Wednesday in January after the election.[2]
Membership qualifications
In order to serve in the Virginia General Assembly, candidates must meet the following qualifications:[3]
- Be a citizen of the United States.
- Be at least twenty-one years of age on or before the date of the general or special election for the office sought
- Be a resident of the Commonwealth of Virginia for the year immediately preceding the election
- Be a resident of the district they are seeking to represent
- Be a qualified voter in the district they are seeking to represent
- Not have been convicted of a felony (unless voting rights have been officially restored)
- Not have been adjudicated mentally incompetent (unless voting rights have been officially restored)
Historical party control
Democrats won a 21-19 majority in the Virginia State Senate in 2019, gaining control of the chamber for the first time since 2007.
The table below shows the partisan history of the Virginia Senate following every general election from 1991 to 2019. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.
Virginia State Senate election results: 1991-2019
| Party | 91 | 95[4] | 99 | 03 | 07 | 11[5] | 15 | 19 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democrats | 22 | 20 | 19 | 16 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 21 |
| Republicans | 18 | 20 | 21 | 24 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 19 |
Trifecta history
A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Virginia was under the following types of trifecta control:
- Democratic trifecta: 1992-1993, 2020-2021
- Republican trifecta: 2000-2001, 2012-2013
- Divided government: 1994-1999, 2002-2011, 2014-2019, 2022-2023
Virginia Party Control: 1992-2024
Four years of Democratic trifectas • Four years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
| Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governor | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R |
| Senate | D | D | D | D | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | R | R | D | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D |
| House | D | D | D | D | D | D | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | R | R | D |
Elections
Elections by year
Virginia state senators serve four-year terms, with all seats up for election every four years. Virginia is one of only four states to hold elections during odd years.
2023
- See also: Virginia State Senate elections, 2023
Elections for the Virginia State Senate took place in 2023. The general election was on November 7, 2023. A primary was held on June 20, 2023. The filing deadline was April 6, 2023.
2019
- See also: Virginia State Senate elections, 2019
Elections for the Virginia State Senate took place in 2019. The primary was on June 11, 2019, and the general election was on November 5. The filing deadline for candidates was March 28, 2019.
| Virginia State Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 5, 2019 | After November 6, 2019 | |
| Democratic Party | 19 | 21 | |
| Republican Party | 20 | 19 | |
| Vacancies | 1 | 0 | |
| Total | 40 | 40 | |
2015
- See also: Virginia State Senate elections, 2015
Elections for the Virginia State Senate took place in 2015. A primary election was held on June 9, 2015. The general election took place on November 3, 2015. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was March 26, 2015.[6]
Heading into the election, Republicans held a 21-19 majority. No partisan change occurred in the election.
| Virginia State Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 3, 2015 | After November 3, 2015 | |
| Democratic Party | 19 | 19 | |
| Republican Party | 21 | 21 | |
| Total | 40 | 40 | |
| Click [show] to see election information dating back to 2003 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2011
Elections for the office of Virginia State Senate consisted of a primary election on August 23, 2011, and a general election on November 8, 2011. Heading into the election, Democrats held a 22-18 majority. Democrats lost two seats in the election, leaving the chamber with a 20-20 tie.
During the 2011 election, the total of all contributions to Senate candidates was $33,496,669. The top 10 contributors were:[7]
2007
Elections for the office of Virginia State Senate consisted of a primary election on June 12, 2007, and a general election on November 6, 2007. During the 2007 election, the total value of contributions to Senate candidates was $31,534,141. The top 10 contributors were:[8]
2003
Elections for the office of Virginia State Senate consisted of a primary election on June 10, 2003, and a general election on November 4, 2003. During the 2003 election, the total value of contributions to Senate candidates was $11,439,328. The top 10 contributors were:[9]
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Vacancies
If there is a vacancy in the Virginia General Assembly, a special election must be conducted to fill the vacant seat. If the vacancy occurs while the legislature is in session, the presiding officer of the house in which the vacancy happens must call for a special election. If the vacancy occurs while the legislature is in recess, the governor shall call the special election. Within 30 days of a vacancy, the appropriate officeholder shall issue a writ of election. If an vacancy occurs between December 10 and March 1, the writ must declare the special election date be within 30 days of said vacancy. All special elections must be held promptly. However, no special election can be held if it occurs less than 55 days before any statewide primary or general election or if there are fewer than 75 days remaining in the vacated term.[10][11]
See sources: Virginia Code § 24.2-216
District map
- See also: Virginia state legislative districts
The state of Virginia has 40 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.
Use the interactive map below to find your district.
Redistricting
- See also: Redistricting in Virginia
On November 3, 2020, Virginia voters approved a constitutional amendment establishing a commission-driven congressional and state legislative redistricting process. The 16-member commission comprises eight legislators and eight non-legislator members. Leaders of the legislature's two largest political parties select legislators to serve on the commission. The commission's eight citizen members are recommended by legislative leaders and selected by a committee of five retired circuit court judges. The commissioners themselves select one of the eight citizens to serve as chairperson.[12]
District maps are subject to the following consensus requirements:[12]
- Congressional maps: Approval by 12 commissioners, including six legislators and six non-legislators.
- Virginia State Senate: Approval by 12 commissioners, including six legislators (with three state senators) and six non-legislators.
- Virginia House of Delegates: Approval by 12 commissioners, including six legislators (with three state delegates) and six non-legislators.
The commission submits its maps to the General Assembly, which can vote to approve the maps or reject them. The General Assembly cannot amend the maps. If the General Assembly rejects a map, the commission must draft a second map. If the General Assembly rejects that map, the Virginia Supreme Court is tasked with enacting a new map.[12][13]
2020
The Virginia Supreme Court unanimously approved district maps for the Virginia House of Delegates and Virginia State Senate on December 28, 2021.[14] Democratic and Republican consultants submitted statewide map proposals for consideration to the Virginia Redistricting Commission on September 18, 2021.[15] The commission had reviewed earlier maps on August 31, 2021, that were focused solely on suburbs in northern Virginia that were drawn from scratch and did not consider legislative incumbents’ home addresses in keeping with earlier commission decisions.[16][17] After the commission missed its deadline for approving map proposals and the Virginia Supreme Court assumed authority over the process, the two special masters selected by the court released proposals for House and Senate districts on December 8, 2021.[18]These maps took effect for Virginia's 2023 legislative elections.
District map after 2020 redistricting
This map took effect for Virginia's 2022 legislative elections.
2010
Virginia received its local census data on February 3, 2011. The state's population grew by 13 percent from 2000 to 2010; its growth mostly occurred in the northeastern part of the state, while declines ranging up to 13.4 percent occurred in counties along the southern and western edges. Loudoun County stood out with an 84.1 percent increase. Growth in the largest cities was less generous: Virginia Beach grew by 3.0 percent, Norfolk grew by 3.6 percent, Chesapeake grew by 11.6 percent, Richmond grew by 3.2 percent, and Newport News grew by 0.3 percent.[19]
The Assembly was split going into redistricting. Republicans controlled the House, and Democrats controlled the Senate. The House set a 1% standard for allowance of deviation from the ideal district size (88,900 people), while the Senate passed a 2% standard (200,000 being the ideal size). The Senate and House reached a verbal agreement that the chambers would draw their own lines and not interfere with the other's.
The House and Senate approved their maps on April 6 and 7, 2011, respectively. The House had an 86-8 approval vote, and the Senate went along party lines 22-18. Gov. Bob McDonnell (R) vetoed the maps on April 15, citing concerns about the increase in the number of divided communities, the Senate plan's higher deviation standard, and the partisan vote in the Senate.
The Virginia House of Delegates passed a revised version of its redistricting plan on April 25, 2011.[20] A compromise was reached in the Senate on April 27, 2011, and a revised map was passed with a 32-5 vote.[21] McDonnell signed the revised legislative plan on April 29, 2011.[22]
Sessions
Legislation
The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Virginia State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.
Dates of legislative sessions in Virginia by year
2024
- See also: 2024 Virginia legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions
In 2024, the legislature is scheduled to convene on January 10, 2024, and adjourn on March 9, 2024.
2023
In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 11, 2023, and adjourn on February 25, 2023.
| Click [show] for past years' session dates. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
2022In 2022, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 12, 2022, and adjourn on March 12, 2022. 2021In 2021, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 13, 2021, and adjourn on February 8, 2021. 2020In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 8, 2020, and adjourn on March 12, 2020.
Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The Virginia General Assembly adjourned its regular session on March 12, 2020. A special session convened on August 18, 2020. 2019In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 9, 2019, through February 24, 2019. 2018In 2018, the legislature was in session from January 10, 2018, through March 10, 2018. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here. 2017
In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 11, 2017, through February 25, 2017. The legislature held a veto session on April 5. 2016
In 2016, the legislature was in session from January 13 through March 11. The legislature held a one-day veto session on April 20, 2016.[23] 2015
In 2015, the legislature was in session from January 14 through February 28. Major issues in 2015Major issues during the 2015 legislative session included job creation and education, the latter being especially important to Republicans according to State Senator Mark Obenshain (R). Obenshain noted that Democrats were especially focused on firearm ownership regulation issues. Both parties expressed their desire to work towards improving Virginia's economy.[24] 2014
In 2014, the legislature was in session from January 8 through March 10. Major issues in 2014Major issues during the 2014 legislative session included expanding Medicaid, a $97 billion spending plan, and raising the minimum wage.[25] 2013
In 2013, the legislature was in session from January 9 to February 25. Major issues in 2013Major issues in the 2013 legislative session included abortion, education, transportation, firearm ownership regulation, and ending a ban on uranium mining.[26] 2012
In 2012, the legislature was in regular session from January 11 through March 10.[27] 2011
In 2011, the legislature was in regular session from January 12 through February 27. On February 27, 2011, a special redistricting session was convened. A reconvened session began on April 6 at 12 p.m. to consider any governor's amendments and/or vetoes to legislation passed by the legislature. This was the only business that could occur during the reconvened session.[28] A second special session convened June 9 and lasted through July 29. The session was called to elect judges to the state Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals.[29] 2010
In 2010, the legislature was in session from January 13 to March 13.[30] |
About legislative sessions in Virginia
The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[31] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.
Article IV of the Virginia Constitution establishes when the Virginia General Assembly, of which the Senate is a part, is to be in session. Section 6 of Article IV states that the General Assembly is to convene annually on the second Wednesday in January. In even-numbered years, regular sessions are limited to sixty days. In odd-numbered years, regular sessions are limited to thirty days. Section 6 allows the General Assembly to extend its regular sessions by thirty days if two-thirds of each house vote to extend the session.
Section 6 allows the Governor of Virginia to convene special sessions of the General Assembly. Section 6 also allows for a special session to be called when it is requested by two-thirds of the members of each house.[32]
Legislative roles and procedures
Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.
Veto overrides
- See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures
State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Virginia are listed below.
How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members present in both chambers.
| Two-thirds of members present in both chambers must vote to override a veto. If all members are in attendance, this is 67 of the 100 members in the Virginia House of Delegates and 27 of the 40 members in the Virginia State Senate. Virginia is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto. |
How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?
| According to Article IV, Section 6 of the Virginia Constitution, the legislature shall automatically reconvene in a special veto session six weeks after the adjournment of the regular session to consider veto overrides. The session lasts for three days unless a majority of members in both chambers vote to extend it for a period no longer than seven days. |
Authority: Article V, Section 6 of the Virginia Constitution.
| "(ii) The Governor may veto the bill if he objects to it by returning the bill with his objections to the house in which the bill originated. The house shall enter the objections in its journal and reconsider the bill. The house may override the veto by a two-thirds vote of the members present, which two-thirds shall include a majority of the members elected to that house. If the house of origin overrides the Governor's veto, it shall send the bill and Governor's objections to the other house where the bill shall be reconsidered. The second house may override the Governor's veto by a two-thirds vote of the members present, which two-thirds shall include a majority of the members elected to that house. If both houses override the Governor's veto, the bill shall become law without his signature." |
Role in state budget
- See also: Virginia state budget and finances
Virginia on 
|
The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[33]
- Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in August.
- State agency budget requests are submitted September through October.
- The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the Virginia General Assembly in December.
- The General Assembly adopts a budget in March or April. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.
- The biennial budget cycle begins in July.
Virginia is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[33]
The legislature is not required to pass, and the governor is not required to sign, a balanced budget. However, the governor is required to make sure actual expenditures do not exceed revenues by the end of the appropriation period.[33]
Committees
Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.
- Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
- Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
- Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.
Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Virginia State Senate has 13 standing committees:
- Agriculture, Conservation and Natural Resources Committee
- Commerce and Labor Committee
- Education and Health Committee
- Finance and Appropriations Committee
- General Laws and Technology Committee
- Judiciary Committee
- Local Government Committee
- Rehabilitation and Social Services Committee
- Senate Courts of Justice Committee
- Senate Finance Committee
- Senate Privileges and Elections Committee
- Senate Rules Committee
- Senate Transportation Committee
Constitutional amendments
In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.
The methods in which the Virginia Constitution can be amended:
The Virginia Constitution can be amended through two different paths—a legislative process, and a constitutional convention. Virginia does not feature the power of initiative for either initiated constitutional amendments or initiated state statutes.
Legislature
A simple majority vote is required during two successive legislative sessions for the Virginia State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 51 votes in the Virginia House of Delegates and 21 votes in the Virginia State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.
Convention
Amendments to or revisions of the state's constitution can be proposed by a constitutional convention as established in Section 2 of Article XII. A convention can happen if the state's legislature "by a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each house" calls a convention.
2025 measures:
- See also: 2025 ballot measures
Certified:
- The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
No measures to list
Potential:
- The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.
No measures to list
2024 measures:
Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.
- See also: Virginia 2024 ballot measures
Certified:
- The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
No measures to list
Potential:
- The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.
See also
| Elections | Virginia State Government | State Legislatures | State Politics |
|---|---|---|---|
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External links
Footnotes
- ↑ Virginia General Assembly, "Senate of Virginia," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ Virginia Legislative Information System, "Code of Virginia - § 24.2-214. Election and term of Senators." accessed January 6, 2022
- ↑ Virginia General Assembly, "Certificate of Candidate Qualification," accessed February 10, 2023
- ↑ Chamber governed by a power-sharing agreement.
- ↑ Control of the Senate varied between the 2011 and 2015 elections. Republicans controlled the chamber from 2012 through 2013, with a Republican lieutenant governor serving as a tie-breaking vote. Democrats won the lieutenant governorship in 2013, giving them control for the first half of 2014. One Democrat resigned in June 2014 and Republicans won the August 2014 special election, giving the party a 21-19 majority.
- ↑ Virginia State Board of Elections, "2015 November Election Calendar," accessed January 2, 2015
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Virginia 2011 Candidates," accessed August 5, 2013
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Virginia 2007 Candidates," accessed August 5, 2013
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Virginia 2003 Candidates," accessed August 5, 2013
- ↑ Virginia Law Library, "§ 24.2-216. Filling vacancies in the General Assembly," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 24.2-216, Virginia Code)
- ↑ Virginia Law Library, "§ 24.2-682. Times for special elections," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Virginia's Legislative Information System, "HJ 615 Constitutional amendment; Virginia Redistricting Commission (first reference)," accessed November 18, 2020
- ↑ All About Redistricting, "Virginia," accessed May 8, 2015
- ↑ 13News Now, "Virginia has new voting maps after redistricting process finishes," December 30, 2021
- ↑ ABC 7, "Virginia bipartisan redistricting panel starts off with partisan maps," September 20, 2021
- ↑ El Paso Inc., "First redistricting map drafts leave some lawmakers unhappy," September 2, 2021
- ↑ Virginia Mercury, "Virginia’s Redistricting Commission has its first draft maps. They look… normal?" September 2, 2021
- ↑ Associated Press, "Proposed congressional maps give Dems an edge in Virginia," December 9, 2021
- ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Virginia's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting," February 3, 2011
- ↑ Washington Examiner, "Virginia House advances new redistricting plan," April 25, 2011
- ↑ Richmond Times-Dispatch, "General Assembly approves redistricting plan," April 29, 2011 (dead link)
- ↑ Richmond Times-Dispatch, "McDonnell signs redistricting bill," April 30, 2011
- ↑ pilotonline.com, "Lawmakers set to return for veto session," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ David Sherfinski, Washington Times, "Terry McAuliffe’s 2015 Va. agenda includes economics, health care," January 25, 2015
- ↑ Daily Press, "Virginia General Assembly opens, lawmakers ease back into action," January 8, 2014
- ↑ WRIC, "Virginia General Assembly To Convene For 2013 Session," January 9, 2013
- ↑ ncsl.org, "2012 Legislative Session Calendar," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ The Washington Post, "Virginia General Assembly to convene legislative redistricting session," April 3, 2011
- ↑ Post Local, "Va. assembly to vote Friday on Supreme Court, appeals judges," July 29, 2011
- ↑ Virginia General Assembly, "2010 Session calendar," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ Virginia Law Library, "Constitution of Virginia," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
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