Utah State Senate

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Utah State Senate
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General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:   January 16, 2024
Session end:   March 1, 2024
Term length:   4 years
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Legislature-dominant
Salary:   $293.55/legislative day + per diem
Members
Total:  29
Democrats:  6
Republicans:  23
Other:  0
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
President:   Stuart Adams (R)
Maj. Leader:   Evan Vickers (R)
Min. Leader:   Luz Escamilla (D)
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024

The Utah State Senate is the upper chamber of the Utah State Legislature. Alongside the Utah House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Utah state government and works alongside the governor of Utah to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Utah State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Utah State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Salt Lake City, Utah.

  • Fifteen seats out of the state Senate's 29 seats were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Republican supermajority remained 23-6.
  • Fifteen seats out of the chamber's 29 seats were up for election in 2020. The chamber's Republican supermajority remained 23-6.

  • Utah has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

    • This page contains the following information on the Utah State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Utah State Senate as of January 2024:

    Party As of January 2024
         Democratic Party 6
         Republican Party 23
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 29

    Members

    Leadership

    The presiding officer of the Senate is the president of the Senate and is selected by the majority party caucus. The majority and minority leaders are selected by their respective party caucuses.[1][2]

    Leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Utah State Senate District 1 Scott Sandall Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 2 Chris Wilson Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 3 John Johnson Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 4 David Buxton Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 5 Ann Millner Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 6 Jerry Stevenson Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 7 Stuart Adams Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 8 Todd Weiler Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 9 Jennifer Plumb Democratic January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 10 Luz Escamilla Democratic January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 11 Daniel W. Thatcher Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 12 Karen Kwan Democratic January 17, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 13 Nate Blouin Democratic January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 14 Stephanie Pitcher Democratic January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 15 Kathleen Riebe Democratic January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 16 Wayne Harper Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 17 Lincoln Fillmore Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 18 Dan McCay Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 19 Kirk Cullimore Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 20 Ronald Winterton Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 21 Mike Kennedy Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 22 Heidi Balderree Republican October 24, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 23 Keith Grover Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 24 Curtis Bramble Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 25 Mike McKell Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 26 David Hinkins Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 27 Derrin Owens Republican January 1, 2023
    Utah State Senate District 28 Evan Vickers Republican January 1, 2013
    Utah State Senate District 29 Don Ipson Republican September 21, 2016


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2023
    SalaryPer diem
    $293.55/legislative dayPer diem is reimbursed to state legislators when they submit receipts or turn in expense reports.

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Utah legislators assume office the first day in January.[3][4]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    To be eligible to serve in the Utah State Senate, a candidate must be:[5]

    • A U.S. citizen,
    • At least 25 years old,
    • A three-year resident of Utah,
    • A resident for 6 months of the relevant senate district, and
    • A qualified voter.

    In addition, eligible candidates cannot:[5]

    • Have been convicted of certain crimes, or
    • Hold a public office of profit or trust.

    Historical party control

    Republicans won control of the Utah State Senate in 1978. In 2022, they won a 21-8 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the Utah Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Utah State Senate election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 11 10 9 11 9 7 8 8 8 7 5 4 5 6 6 8
    Republicans 18 19 20 18 20 22 21 21 21 22 24 23 24 23 23 21

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Utah was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: None
    • Republican trifecta: 1992-2023
    • Divided government: None

    Utah Party Control: 1992-2024
    No Democratic trifectas  •  Thirty-three years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Utah state senators serve staggered, four-year terms and half of the Senate is up for election every two years. Utah holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    Convention system

    Utah has a unique election system that combines local conventions and party primaries. A precinct caucus is held to vote for delegates to county conventions. Precinct delegates vote at the county conventions to nominate candidates for state office. In order to forgo a primary election, a candidate must receive more than 60 percent of the votes at the county convention. If multiple candidates run and none receive 60 percent of the vote, the candidate with the lowest total is eliminated and another vote is taken. Once only two candidates remain, if neither receives more than 60 percent of the vote, both will advance to the party's primary. Each party holds its own caucuses and conventions.[6][7][8]

    2024

    See also: Utah State Senate elections, 2024

    Elections for the Utah State Senate will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024. A primary is June 25, 2024. The filing deadline is January 8, 2024.

    2022

    See also: Utah State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the Utah State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for June 28, 2022. The filing deadline was March 4, 2022.

    2020

    See also: Utah State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Utah State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 30, 2020. The filing deadline was March 19, 2020.

    In the 2020 elections, the Republican majority saw no change in the Utah State Senate, remaining 23-6.

    Utah State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 6 6
         Republican Party 23 23
    Total 29 29

    2018

    See also: Utah State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the Utah State Senate took place in 2018. The primary election took place on June 26, 2018.[9] Democrats held a hybrid primary election and Republicans held a closed primary election. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 15, 2018.[10]

    In the 2018 elections, the Republicans majority in the Utah State Senate was reduced from 24-5 to 23-6.

    Utah State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 5 6
         Republican Party 24 23
    Total 29 29

    2016

    See also: Utah State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the Utah State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election took place on June 28, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was March 17, 2016. A total of 15 seats out of the 29 seats in the Utah State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 23-5 majority with one Libertarian member. Republicans gained one seat in the election, giving them a 24-5 majority.

    Utah State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 5 5
         Republican Party 23 24
         Libertarian Party 1 0
    Total 29 29

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Utah State Legislature, the governor is responsible for selecting a replacement. A liaison for the political party that last held the seat must recommend a successor to the governor. A person who is selected to fill a vacant state House seat serves for the remainder of the unfilled term. Interim appointees to state Senate seats serve until the next regular general election.[17]

    If the vacancy happens after the nominating deadline in an election year, but before August 31, a new candidate must file a declaration of candidacy and certificate of nomination in order to be on the ballot. Nominating papers must be filed within 21 days after the vacancy occurs.[18]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Utah Const. Art. 6, Sec. 13 and Utah Code §20A-1-503

    District map

    See also: Utah state legislative districts

    The state of Utah has 29 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.



    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Utah

    In Utah, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are ultimately enacted by the state legislature. An advisory commission submits proposed maps to the legislature for its approval. This commission comprises the following seven members:[19]

    • One appointed by the governor, to serve as the chair of the commission;
    • One appointed by the president of the Utah Senate;
    • One appointed by the speaker of the Utah House of Representatives;
    • One appointed by the leader of the largest minority political party in the Utah Senate;
    • One appointed by the leader of the largest minority political party in the Utah House of Representatives;
    • One appointed jointly by the leadership of the majority political party in the Utah Senate, president of the Utah Senate, and the leadership of the same political party in the Utah House of Representatives; and
    • One appointed jointly by the leadership of the largest minority political party in the Utah Senate, and the leadership of the same political party in the Utah House of Representatives, including the speaker of the House, if the speaker is a member of the same political party.

    The commission is required to select between one and three plans, with the affirmative votes of at least five members, to submit to the chief justice of the Utah Supreme Court. The chief justice is responsible for determining if the commission's plans meet redistricting standards. The commission then forwards the plans to the state legislature, which may decide whether to accept, amend, or reject the plans.

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Utah after the 2020 census

    Gov. Spencer Cox (R) signed new state legislative districts for both chambers into law on November 16, 2021. After Cox called a special session to begin on November 9, 2021, the Utah legislature voted to approve the House and Senate district maps on November 10, 2021. The House districts proposal passed the House in a 60-12 vote and cleared the Senate in a 25-3 vote. The House voted 58-13 to approve the Senate map and the Senate approved the proposal in a 26-2 vote. [20][21] These maps took effect for Utah's 2022 legislative elections.

    Both proposals differed from those presented to the legislative committee by Utah's Independent Redistricting Commission on November 1, 2021.[22] The commission presented 12 maps (three each for House, Senate, congressional, and school board districts) to the Legislative Redistricting Committee, one of which was submitted by a citizen.[23]

    District map before and after 2020 redistricting

    Below is the state Senate map in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle.

    Utah State Senate Districts
    until December 31, 2022

    Click a district to compare boundaries.

    Utah State Senate Districts
    starting January 1, 2023

    Click a district to compare boundaries.


    2010

    See also: Redistricting in Utah after the 2010 census

    Utah received its local census data on February 24, 2011. The state showed a 23.8 percent growth rate, with no county losing population. The largest cities showed mixed growth: Salt Lake City grew by 2.6 percent, West Valley City grew by 18.9 percent, Provo grew by 7.0 percent, West Jordan grew by 51.8 percent, and Orem grew by 4.7 percent. County growth was as follows: Salt Lake grew by 14.6 percent, Utah grew 40.2 percent, Davis grew by 28.2 percent, Weber grew by 17.7 percent, and Washington grew by 52.9 percent.[24]

    The Republican-controlled Legislature passed new maps on October 4, 2011, and Gov. Gary Herbert (R) signed the maps on October 19, 2011.[25] Later, errors in the maps were discovered and revisions were passed by the legislature on January 26, 2012, and signed by the governor.[26]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Utah State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Utah by year

    2024

    See also: 2024 Utah legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature is scheduled to convene on January 16, 2024, and adjourn on March 1, 2024.

    2023

    See also: 2023 Utah legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 17, 2023, and adjourn on March 3, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in Utah

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[36] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Section 2 of Article VI of the Utah Constitution establishes that the Utah State Legislature, which the Senate is a part of, is to convene a new session every two years on the second Monday in January. This means that the 2010 session was actually a continuation of a regular session that convened in 2009. Section 16 of Article VI limits these regular sessions to sixty legislative days, except in cases of impeachment.[37]

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-Republican Party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Utah are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 50 of the 75 members in the Utah House of Representatives and 20 of the 29 members in the Utah State Senate. Utah is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?

    According to Article VII, Section 8 of the Utah Constitution, the legislature can call a special veto session to consider overrides of any bills the governor vetoed after adjournment. Two-thirds of members in both chambers must agree to do so. The session lasts for five days.

    Authority: Article VII, Section 8 of the Utah Constitution.

    "(1) Each bill passed by the Legislature, before it becomes a law, shall be presented to the governor. If the bill is approved, the governor shall sign it, and thereupon it shall become a law. If the bill is disapproved, it shall be returned with the governor's objections to the house in which it originated. That house shall then enter the objections upon its journal and proceed to reconsider the bill. If upon reconsideration the bill again passes both houses by a yea and nay vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each house, it shall become a law."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Utah state budget and finances
    Utah on Public Policy Logo-one line-on Ballotpedia.png
    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[38]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in August of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year.
    2. Agencies submit their budget requests to the governor in October.
    3. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in December.
    4. The legislature typically passes a budget in March. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The fiscal year begins July 1.

    Utah is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[38]

    The governor is statutorily required to submit a balanced budget to the legislature. The legislature is constitutionally required to adopt a balanced budget.[38]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Utah state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Utah State Senate has 12 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Utah Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article XXIII of the Utah Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Utah

    [The Utah Constitution provides two mechanisms for amending the state's constitution— a legislative process, and a state constitutional convention. Utah requires a simple majority vote (50% plus 1) for voters to approve constitutional amendments.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    According to Article XXIII, the state Legislature can refer constitutional amendments to the ballot for voters to decide. A two-thirds majority vote in both the legislative chambers vote is required during one legislative session for the Utah State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 50 votes in the Utah House of Representatives and 20 votes in the Utah State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

    Convention

    See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

    According to Section 2 of Article XXIII, a ballot question about whether to hold a convention can go on the ballot if two-thirds of the members of the Utah State Legislature vote to put it on the ballot.



    2025 measures:

    See also: 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.

    No measures to list

    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.

    See also: Utah 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
    Utah Elections of County Sheriffs AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 20Yes votes: 26 (89.66%)No votes: 0 (0.00%)Yes: 6; No: 0Yes: 20; No: 0
    House:Required: 50Yes votes: 72 (96.00%)No votes: 0 (0.00%)Yes: 13; No: 0Yes: 59; No: 0
    Utah State School Fund Distribution Cap Increase AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 20Yes votes: 27 (93.10%)No votes: 0 (0.00%)Yes: 6; No: 0Yes: 21; No: 0
    House:Required: 50Yes votes: 66 (88.00%)No votes: 0 (0.00%)Yes: 14; No: 0Yes: 52; No: 0
    Utah Constitutional Requirements for Education Funding AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 20Yes votes: 22 (89.66%)No votes: 6 (0.00%)Yes: 0; No: 6Yes: 22; No: 0
    House:Required: 50Yes votes: 57 (76.00%)No votes: 17 (22.66%)Yes: 0; No: 14Yes: 57; No: 3


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.

    No measures to list

    See also

    Elections Utah State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Utah State Legislature, "Organization of the Utah Legislature," accessed February 17, 2021
    2. ↑ Utah Senate, "Senate Leadership," accessed February 17, 2021
    3. ↑ Utah Constitution, "Article VI, Section 3," accessed February 17, 2021
    4. ↑ Utah Constitution, "Article VI, Section 4," accessed February 17, 2021
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Vote.Utah.gov, "State of Utah 2022 Candidate Manual," accessed February 8, 2023
    6. ↑ Utah.gov, "Utah Precinct Caucus Information," accessed February 17, 2021
    7. ↑ Utah Republican Party, "Governing Documents," accessed February 17, 2021
    8. ↑ Utah Democratic Party, "Governing Documents," accessed February 17, 2021
    9. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Primary Election Systems," accessed March 23, 2017
    10. ↑ Utah Lieutenant Governor Elections, "State of Utah 2018 Candidate Manual," accessed September 13, 2017
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "Utah Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed August 2, 2013
    12. ↑ Follow the Money, "Utah 2008 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    13. ↑ Follow the Money, "Utah 2006 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    14. ↑ Follow the Money, "Utah 2004 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    15. ↑ Follow the Money, "Utah 2002 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    16. ↑ Follow the Money, "Utah 2000 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    17. ↑ Utah Legislature, "Utah Code - Statutes 20A-1-503 (3) (a)-(b)," accessed February 17, 2021
    18. ↑ Utah Legislature, "Utah Code - Statutes 20A-1-503 (3) (a)-(b)," accessed February 17, 2021
    19. ↑ All About Redistricting, "Utah," accessed May 4, 2015
    20. ↑ Utah State Legislature, "S.B. 2006 Utah State Senate Boundaries and Election Designation," accessed November 17, 2021
    21. ↑ Utah State Legislature, "H.B. 2005 Utah State House Boundaries Designation," accessed November 17, 2021
    22. ↑ KSL, "Utah redistricting map battles underscore independent-panel hurdles across the US," November 13, 2021
    23. ↑ Utah Public Radio, "Utah Independent Redistricting Commission proposes 12 maps to Utah lawmakers," November 2, 2021
    24. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Utah's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting," February 24, 2011
    25. ↑ Fox 13, "Governor signs redistricting maps," October 20, 2011
    26. ↑ Deseret News, "Redistricting bills move unanimously through Legislature," January 26, 2012
    27. ↑ Multistate, "2020 Legislative Session Dates," last updated April 16, 2020
    28. ↑ The Salt Lake Tribune, "Utah Legislature calls historic special session to address coronavirus impacts," April 13, 2020
    29. ↑ Public News Service, "Air Quality, Again a Major Issue for Utah Lawmakers," January 27, 2015
    30. ↑ FOX 13, "Adoption and alcohol likely topics for Utah legislative session," January 21, 2013
    31. ↑ Salt Lake Tribune, "Call them the Swallow Reforms," January 24, 2013
    32. ↑ Salt Lake Tribune, "Top issues to watch in the upcoming Utah Legislature," January 21, 2012
    33. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed February 17, 2021(Archived)
    34. ↑ StateScape, "Session Updates," July 22, 2011
    35. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed February 17, 2021
    36. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed February 17, 2021
    37. ↑ Utah State Legislature, "Utah Constitution," accessed February 17, 2021
    38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
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