Texas State Senate

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Texas State Senate
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:   No regular legislative session
Session end:   No regular legislative session
Term length:   2-4-4 year system
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Legislature-dominant
Salary:   $7,200/year + per diem
Members
Total:  31
Democrats:  11
Republicans:  19
Other:  0
Vacancies:  1
Leadership
President:   Dan Patrick (R)
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024

The Texas State Senate is the upper chamber of the Texas State Legislature. Alongside the Texas House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Texas state government and works alongside the governor of Texas to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Texas State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Texas State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Austin, Texas.

Texas enacted new legislative district boundaries in June 2023 for use in 2024 and until the 2030 census. These districts were the same as those enacted by the state in October 2021. Gov. Greg Abbott (R) signed HB 1000—establishing state House district boundaries—on June 12, 2023, and he allowed SB 375—establishing state Senate district boundaries—to become law without his signature on June 18, 2023.[1][2] The Texas Tribune's James Barragan wrote in January 2023 that Senate Legislative Redistricting Committee Chairperson Joan Huffman (R) said the state was re-doing the redistricting process "to ensure that Legislature had met its constitutional requirement to apportion districts in the first regular session after the publishing of the results of the federal census, which is done every 10 years. Because of the pandemic, census numbers were not released until after the end of the last regularly scheduled legislative session on May 31, 2021. Redistricted maps were passed in a subsequent special session that year."[3] Texas had originally enacted new state legislative districts on October 25, 2021. Click here for more information about redistricting after the 2020 census.

  • All 31 seats in the Texas State Senate were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Republican majority increased from 18-13 to 19-12.
  • A total of 16 seats out of the chamber’s 31 seats were up for election in 2020. The chamber's Republican majority decreased from 19-12 to 18-13.

  • Texas has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

    • This page contains the following information on the Texas State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Texas State Senate as of January 2024:

    Party As of January 2024
         Democratic Party 11
         Republican Party 19
         Other 0
         Vacancies 1
    Total 31

    Members

    Leadership

    The lieutenant governor serves as president of the Senate. The Senate adopts rules at the beginning of each legislative session which set out how much power the president of the Senate will have.[4]

    Leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Texas State Senate District 1 Bryan Hughes Republican January 10, 2017
    Texas State Senate District 2 Bob Hall Republican 2015
    Texas State Senate District 3 Robert Nichols Republican 2007
    Texas State Senate District 4 Brandon Creighton Republican August 26, 2014
    Texas State Senate District 5 Charles Schwertner Republican 2013
    Texas State Senate District 6 Carol Alvarado Democratic December 21, 2018
    Texas State Senate District 7 Paul Bettencourt Republican 2015
    Texas State Senate District 8 Angela Paxton Republican January 8, 2019
    Texas State Senate District 9 Kelly Hancock Republican 2013
    Texas State Senate District 10 Phil King Republican January 10, 2023
    Texas State Senate District 11 Mayes Middleton Republican January 10, 2023
    Texas State Senate District 12 Tan Parker Republican January 10, 2023
    Texas State Senate District 13 Borris Miles Democratic 2017
    Texas State Senate District 14 Sarah Eckhardt Democratic July 31, 2020
    Texas State Senate District 15 Vacant
    Texas State Senate District 16 Nathan Johnson Democratic January 8, 2019
    Texas State Senate District 17 Joan Huffman Republican 2009
    Texas State Senate District 18 Lois Kolkhorst Republican December 22, 2014
    Texas State Senate District 19 Roland Gutierrez Democratic January 12, 2021
    Texas State Senate District 20 Juan Hinojosa Democratic 2002
    Texas State Senate District 21 Judith Zaffirini Democratic 1987
    Texas State Senate District 22 Brian Birdwell Republican 2010
    Texas State Senate District 23 Royce West Democratic 1993
    Texas State Senate District 24 Peter P. Flores Republican January 10, 2023
    Texas State Senate District 25 Donna Campbell Republican 2013
    Texas State Senate District 26 Jose Menendez Democratic March 4, 2015
    Texas State Senate District 27 Morgan LaMantia Democratic January 10, 2023
    Texas State Senate District 28 Charles Perry Republican September 30, 2014
    Texas State Senate District 29 César Blanco Democratic January 12, 2021
    Texas State Senate District 30 Drew Springer Republican January 6, 2021
    Texas State Senate District 31 Kevin Sparks Republican January 10, 2023


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2023
    SalaryPer diem
    $7,200/year$221/day

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Texas legislators assume office in January at the beginning of the legislative session.[5][6]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    To be eligible to serve in the Texas State Senate, a candidate must be:[7]

    • A U.S. citizen
    • 26 years old before the general election
    • A five-year resident of Texas before the general election
    • A district resident for one year prior to the general election

    Historical party control

    Republicans won control of the Texas State Senate in 1996. In 2022, they won a 19-12 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the Texas Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Texas State Senate election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 18 17 15 15 15 12 12 11 12 12 12 11 11 12 13 12
    Republicans 13 14 16 16 16 19 19 20 19 19 19 20 20 19 18 19

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Texas was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: 1992-1994
    • Republican trifecta: 2003-2023
    • Divided government: 1995-2002

    Texas Party Control: 1992-2024
    Three years of Democratic trifectas  •  Twenty-two years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Texas state senators serve 2-4-4 terms, where senators serve one two-year term and two four-year terms each decade. Texas holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2024

    See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2024

    Elections for the Texas State Senate will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024. A primary is March 5, 2024, and a primary runoff is May 28, 2024. The filing deadline was December 11, 2023.

    2022

    See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the Texas State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for March 1, 2022, and a primary runoff was scheduled for May 24, 2022. The filing deadline was December 13, 2021.

    2020

    See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Texas State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for March 3, 2020, and a primary runoff was scheduled for July 14, 2020. The filing deadline was December 9, 2019.

    In the 2020 elections, the Republican majority in the Texas State Senate decreased from 19-12 to 18-13.

    Texas State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 12 13
         Republican Party 19 18
    Total 31 31

    2018

    See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the Texas State Senate took place in 2018. An open primary election took place on March 6, 2018.[8] A primary runoff election took place on May 22, 2018. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was December 11, 2017.[9]

    In the 2018 elections, the Republican majority in the Texas State Senate was reduced from 21-10 to 19-12.

    Texas State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 10 12
         Republican Party 21 19
    Total 31 31

    2016

    See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the Texas State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election was held on March 1, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was December 14, 2015.[10] A total of 16 seats out of the 31 seats in the Texas State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 20-11 majority. No changes occurred to the partisan balance of the chamber.

    Texas State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 11 11
         Republican Party 20 20
    Total 31 31

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Texas State Legislature, the governor must call a special election to fill the vacant seat.[17] A governor's proclamation to hold a special election must be delivered to county judges in the legislative district no later than 36 days before the scheduled election.[18]

    The secretary of state can declare a candidate duly elected in a special election if there is no opposition.[19]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Texas Elec. Code § 203.001 et. seq.

    District map

    See also: Texas state legislative districts

    The state of Texas has 31 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.



    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Texas

    In Texas, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the Texas State Legislature. These lines are subject to veto by the governor.[20]

    If the state legislature is unable to approve a state legislative redistricting plan, a backup commission must draw the lines (the backup commission is not involved in congressional redistricting). This backup commission, established in 1948, comprises the following members:[20]

    1. Lieutenant governor
    2. Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives
    3. Attorney general
    4. State comptroller
    5. Commissioner of the General Land Office

    The Texas Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous and "that they preserve whole counties when population mandates permit."[20]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Texas after the 2020 census

    Texas enacted new legislative district boundaries in June 2023 for use in 2024 and until the 2030 census. These districts were the same as those enacted by the state in October 2021. Gov. Greg Abbott (R) signed HB 1000—establishing state House district boundaries—on June 12, 2023, and he allowed SB 375—establishing state Senate district boundaries—to become law without his signature on June 18, 2023.[21][22] The Texas Tribune's James Barragan wrote in January 2023 that Senate Legislative Redistricting Committee Chairperson Joan Huffman (R) said the state was re-doing the redistricting process "to ensure that Legislature had met its constitutional requirement to apportion districts in the first regular session after the publishing of the results of the federal census, which is done every 10 years. Because of the pandemic, census numbers were not released until after the end of the last regularly scheduled legislative session on May 31, 2021. Redistricted maps were passed in a subsequent special session that year."[23] Texas had originally enacted new state legislative districts on October 25, 2021.

    District map before and after 2020 redistricting

    Below is the state Senate map in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle.

    Texas State Senate Districts
    until January 9, 2023

    Click a district to compare boundaries.

    Texas State Senate Districts
    starting January 10, 2023

    Click a district to compare boundaries.


    2010

    See also: Redistricting in Texas after the 2010 census

    Texas received its local census data on February 17, 2011. The state grew 20.6%, with Hispanics making up at least 2/3 of that growth. The growth rate in the largest cities was as follows: Houston grew by 7.5 percent, San Antonio grew by 16.0 percent, Dallas grew by 0.8 percent, Austin grew by 20.4 percent, and Fort Worth grew by 38.6 percent. Harris County grew by 20%, which suggested suburban growth.[24]

    The Texas State Senate released a proposed map of its 31 districts on May 11, 2011. The Senate and House plans were passed by the Texas Legislature on May 21, 2011, and were signed by Gov. Rick Perry (R) on June 17, 2011. Attorney General Greg Abbott submitted Texas' redistricting maps to a panel of three federal judges in Washington DC on July 19, 2011, as required under the Voting Rights Act. The DC federal court rejected Texas' senate and house maps on November 8, 2011, denying the state's request for preclearance summary judgment.[25] The Texas House of Representatives approved new district maps during a June 2013 special session. The maps passed the Texas State Senate and were signed into law by Gov. Perry on June 26, 2013.[26][27]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Texas State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Texas by year

    2024

    See also: Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature will not hold a regular session.

    2023

    See also: 2023 Texas legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 10, 2023, and adjourn on May 29, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in Texas

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[57] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article III of the Texas Constitution establishes when the Texas State Legislature, of which the Senate is a part, is to be in session. Section 5 of Article III states that the legislature shall meet every two years at times to be established by law. Section 5 goes on to say that the legislature can also be convened by the governor of Texas.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-No party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Texas are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members present in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members present in both chambers must vote to override a veto. If all members are in attendance, this is 100 of the 150 members in the Texas House of Representatives and 21 of the 31 members in the Texas State Senate. Texas is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    Authority: Article 4, Section 14 of the Texas Constitution.

    "Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the Legislature shall be presented to the Governor for his approval. If he approve he shall sign it; but if he disapprove it, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it originated, which House shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members present agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by which likewise it shall be reconsidered; and, if approved by two-thirds of the members of that House, it shall become a law; but in such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Texas state budget and finances
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    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[58]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies beginning in June.
    2. Agencies submit their budget requests to the governor between July and September.
    3. Public hearings are held between July and October.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature by the date of the State of the State address.
    5. The legislature typically adopts a budget in May. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The fiscal year begins in September.

    Texas is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[58]

    The legislature is constitutionally required to adopt a balanced budget. The governor must sign a balanced budget into law.[58]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Texas state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Texas State Senate has 16 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Texas Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article 17 of the Texas Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Texas

    The Texas Constitution provides one mechanism for amending the state's constitution—legislatively referred constitutional amendments. Texas requires a simple majority vote (50% plus 1) for voters to approve constitutional amendments.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    According to Article 17, the state Legislature can refer constitutional amendments to the ballot for voters to decide. A two-thirds (66.67%) vote is required during one legislative session for the Texas State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 100 votes in the Texas House of Representatives and 21 votes in the Texas State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.



    2025 measures:

    See also: 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures were certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list



    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature.

    See also: Texas 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures were certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list

    See also

    Elections Texas State Government State Legislatures State Politics
    Ballotpedia Elections Badge-VOTE-no shadow-Square.jpg
    Texas State Flag-Close Up.jpg
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Texas Legislature Online, "Bill: HB 1000," accessed June 21, 2023
    2. ↑ Texas Legislature Online, "Bill: SB 375," accessed June 21, 2023
    3. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas Senate votes to take up redistricting again," January 11, 2023
    4. ↑ The Texas Senate, "Senate Rules," accessed July 9, 2019
    5. ↑ Texas Government Code, "Title 3., Subtitle A., Sec. 301.001," accessed February 17, 2021
    6. ↑ Texas Constitution, "Article 3. Legislative Department, Section 4," accessed November 4, 2021
    7. ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "Qualifications for All Public Offices," accessed February 7, 2023
    8. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Primary Election Systems," accessed May 29, 2017
    9. ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "Important 2018 Election Dates," accessed September 11, 2017
    10. ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "Important 2016 Election Dates," accessed December 14, 2015
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed August 2, 2013
    12. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas 2008 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    13. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas 2006 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    14. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas 2004 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    15. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas 2002 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    16. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas 2000 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    17. ↑ Texas Legislature, "Election Code," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 3.003 (3))
    18. ↑ Texas Legislature, "Election Code," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 3.003 (3)(b)-(c))
    19. ↑ Texas Legislature, "Election Code," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 2.055)
    20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 All About Redistricting, "Texas," accessed May 7, 2015
    21. ↑ Texas Legislature Online, "Bill: HB 1000," accessed June 21, 2023
    22. ↑ Texas Legislature Online, "Bill: SB 375," accessed June 21, 2023
    23. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas Senate votes to take up redistricting again," January 11, 2023
    24. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Texas' 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting," February 17, 2011
    25. ↑ Foxnews.com, "Texas Redistricting May Give Democrats Greater Chance of Winning Seats in State Legislature," November 17, 2011
    26. ↑ The Associated Press, "Texas House approves redistricting maps," June 20, 2013
    27. ↑ The Austin American-Statesman, "House gives final approval to redistricting maps," June 21, 2013
    28. ↑ texas.gov, "Proclamation by the Governor of the State of Texas," July 10, 2017
    29. ↑ texas.gov, "Supplemental Call," July 10, 2017
    30. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Texas Senate moves to fast-track special session agenda," July 18, 2017
    31. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Senate gives OK to must-pass "sunset" legislation in midnight vote," July 19, 2017
    32. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas House approves sending first two special session bills to governor," August 10, 2017
    33. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Tears and shouting on Texas House floor as Freedom Caucus delays bills to death," May 11, 2017
    34. ↑ Texas Freedom Caucus, "Abbott Must Call a Special Session," May 31, 2017
    35. ↑ Aman Batheja, Texas Tribune, "Transportation Funding Likely to Be Big Issue in 2015" accessed January 29, 2015
    36. ↑ kten.com, "Texas Lawmakers To Tackle Redistricting In Special Session," May 29, 2013
    37. ↑ Star-Telegram, "As lawmakers return to Austin this week, a heap of work awaits," January 6, 2013
    38. ↑ American Spectator, "Transparency for Thee," October 25, 2013
    39. ↑ Daily Texas Online, "Facing impeachment, Regent Wallace Hall defends actions in debate with Sen. Kirk Watson," September 28, 2013
    40. ↑ Daily Texas Online, "Former UT System vice chancellor alleges Regent Wallace Hall’s ‘clear intent to get rid of Bill Powers’," October 24, 2013
    41. ↑ Dallas Morning News, "UT regent sought 800,000 documents, official says in impeachment hearing," October 22, 2013
    42. ↑ Watchdog, "‘Witch hunt’ fallout: Speaker calls for narrower public records law," February 5, 2014
    43. ↑ Texas Tribune, "UT System Responds to Transparency Committee Directives," February 3, 2014
    44. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Cigarroa letter to the Committee on Transparency in State Agency Operations," February 1, 2014
    45. ↑ Texas Tribune, "UT Regent Wallace Hall Updates Lawsuit Disclosures," April 30, 2013
    46. ↑ Real Clear Policy, "The Campaign Against Wallace Hall," August 15, 2013
    47. ↑ Watchdog.org, "Case against UT regent Wallace Hall is a sham — here’s proof," September 6, 2013
    48. ↑ News-Journal, "University of Texas regent not worried by impeachment inquiry," September 9, 2013
    49. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Transparency Committee to Mull Impeachment of UT Regent," June 25, 2013
    50. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Perry Blasts Impeachment Probe of Wallace Hall," October 30, 2013
    51. ↑ Texas Public Radio, "UT Regent Wallace Hall Will Testify In Impeachment Hearing," November 13, 2013
    52. ↑ Texas State House Committees, "Transparency in State Agency Operations Committee Members," accessed October 31, 2013
    53. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    54. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "The Official Agenda for a New Session," May 30, 2011
    55. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 session dates for Texas legislature," December 8, 2010
    56. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2009 Legislative Sessions Calendar," March 11, 2010
    57. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
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