South Dakota State Senate

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South Dakota State Senate
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:   January 9, 2024
Session end:   March 25, 2024
Term length:   2 years
Term limits:   4 terms (8 years)
Redistricting:  Legislature-dominant
Salary:   $14,778.60/year + per diem
Members
Total:  35
Democrats:  4
Republicans:  30
Other:  0
Vacancies:  1
Leadership
President:   Larry Rhoden (R)
Maj. Leader:   Casey Crabtree (R)
Min. Leader:   Reynold Nesiba (D)
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024

The South Dakota State Senate is the upper chamber of the South Dakota State Legislature. Alongside the South Dakota House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the South Dakota state government and works alongside the governor of South Dakota to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the South Dakota State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The South Dakota State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Pierre, South Dakota.

  • All 35 seats in the South Dakota State Senate were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Republican supermajority decreased from to 32-3 to 31-4.
  • All 35 Senate seats were up for election in 2020.
  • South Dakota has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

  • This page contains the following information on the South Dakota State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the South Dakota State Senate as of January 2024:

    Party As of January 2024
         Democratic Party 4
         Republican Party 30
         Other 0
         Vacancies 1
    Total 35

    Members

    Leadership

    The lieutenant governor acts as president of the Senate. The president only votes in the case of a tie. The senate elects one member to serve as president pro tempore; this officer presides in the absence of the president, appoints committees, and assigns legislation to committee.[1]

    Leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    South Dakota State Senate District 1 Michael Rohl Republican January 12, 2021
    South Dakota State Senate District 2 Steve Kolbeck Republican January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 3 Al Novstrup Republican January 10, 2017
    South Dakota State Senate District 4 John Wiik Republican January 10, 2017
    South Dakota State Senate District 5 Lee Schoenbeck Republican January 8, 2019
    South Dakota State Senate District 6 Herman Otten Republican January 12, 2021
    South Dakota State Senate District 7 Tim Reed Republican January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 8 Casey Crabtree Republican June 19, 2020
    South Dakota State Senate District 9 Brent Hoffman Republican January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 10 Elizabeth Larson Democratic January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 11 Jim Stalzer Republican January 10, 2017
    South Dakota State Senate District 12 Arch Beal Republican January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 13 Jack Kolbeck Republican January 10, 2017
    South Dakota State Senate District 14 Larry P. Zikmund Republican January 12, 2021
    South Dakota State Senate District 15 Reynold Nesiba Democratic January 10, 2017
    South Dakota State Senate District 16 James Bolin Republican January 10, 2017
    South Dakota State Senate District 17 Sydney Davis Republican January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 18 Jean Hunhoff Republican January 12, 2021
    South Dakota State Senate District 19 Kyle Schoenfish Republican January 6, 2020
    South Dakota State Senate District 20 Joshua Klumb Republican January 10, 2017
    South Dakota State Senate District 21 Erin Tobin Republican January 12, 2021
    South Dakota State Senate District 22 David Wheeler Republican January 12, 2021
    South Dakota State Senate District 23 Bryan Breitling Republican January 12, 2021
    South Dakota State Senate District 24 Jim Mehlhaff Republican January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 25 Tom Pischke Republican January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 26 Shawn Bordeaux Democratic January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 27 Red Dawn Foster Democratic January 8, 2019
    South Dakota State Senate District 28 Ryan Maher Republican January 10, 2017
    South Dakota State Senate District 29 Dean Wink Republican January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 30 Julie Frye-Mueller Republican January 12, 2021
    South Dakota State Senate District 31 Randy Deibert Republican January 10, 2023
    South Dakota State Senate District 32 Helene Duhamel Republican December 3, 2019
    South Dakota State Senate District 33 David Johnson Republican January 12, 2021
    South Dakota State Senate District 34 Michael Diedrich Republican January 12, 2021
    South Dakota State Senate District 35 Vacant


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2023
    SalaryPer diem
    $14,778.60/year$157/day for legislators who reside more than 50 miles away from the capitol

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Legislators assume office the second Tuesday in January after the general election.[2]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    To be eligible to serve in the South Dakota State Legislature, a candidate must meet the following qualifications:

    21 years old; 2 years residency; qualified voter; may not have been convicted of bribery, perjury or other infamous crime; may not have illegally taken 'public moneys'[3][4]

    Historical party control

    Republicans won control of the South Dakota State Senate in 1994. In 2022, they won a 31-4 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the South Dakota Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    South Dakota State Senate election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 20 16 13 13 12 10 10 15 14 5 7 8 6 5 3 4
    Republicans 15 19 22 22 23 25 25 20 20 30 28 27 29 30 32 31

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, South Dakota was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: None
    • Republican trifecta: 1992, 1995-2023
    • Divided government: 1993-1994

    South Dakota Party Control: 1992-2024
    No Democratic trifectas  •  Thirty-one years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate R D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

    Elections

    Elections by year

    South Dakota state senators serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years. South Dakota holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2024

    See also: South Dakota State Senate elections, 2024

    Elections for the South Dakota State Senate will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024. A primary is June 4, 2024. The filing deadline is March 26, 2024.

    2022

    See also: South Dakota State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the South Dakota State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for June 7, 2022. The filing deadline was March 29, 2022.

    In the 2022 elections, the Republican majority in the South Dakota State Senate decreased from 32-3 to 31-4.

    South Dakota State Senate
    Party As of November 8, 2022 After November 9, 2022
         Democratic Party 3 4
         Republican Party 32 31
    Total 35 35

    2020

    See also: South Dakota State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of South Dakota State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 2, 2020, and a primary runoff was scheduled for August 11, 2020. The filing deadline was March 31, 2020.

    In the 2020 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the South Dakota State Senate from 30-5 to 32-3.

    South Dakota State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 5 3
         Republican Party 30 32
    Total 35 35

    2018

    See also: South Dakota State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the South Dakota State Senate took place in 2018. The primary election took place on June 5, 2018. The Democratic primary was a hybrid primary and the Republican primary was a closed primary. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 27, 2018.[5]

    In the 2018 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the South Dakota State Senate from 29-6 to 30-5.

    South Dakota State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 6 5
         Republican Party 29 30
    Total 35 35

    2016

    See also: South Dakota State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the South Dakota State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election was held on June 7, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was March 29, 2016. All 35 seats in the South Dakota State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 27-8 majority. Republicans gained two seats in the election, giving them a 29-6 majority.

    South Dakota State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 8 6
         Republican Party 27 29
    Total 35 35

    Term limits

    See also: State legislatures with term limits

    The South Dakota legislature is one of 16 state legislatures with term limits. Voters enacted the South Dakota Term Limits Act in 1992. That initiative said that South Dakota senators are subject to term limits of no more than four consecutive two-year terms, or eight consecutive years. State senators can run again after they have been out of office for a term.[12] The first year that the term limits enacted in 1992 impacted the ability of incumbents to run for office was in 2000.

    The South Dakota State Legislature has tried on more than one occasion, each time unsuccessfully, to persuade the state's voters to repeal term limits. The most recent such failed attempt was when Amendment J lost in 2008 by 75-25%.

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the South Dakota State Legislature, the governor is responsible for appointing a replacement. Under the state constitution, there are no deadlines set in the state constitution requiring when the governor has to fill a vacancy.[13]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: South Dakota Const. Art. 3, Sec. 10

    District map

    See also: South Dakota state legislative districts

    The state of South Dakota has 35 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.



    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in South Dakota

    South Dakota is home to a single at-large congressional district; as such, congressional redistricting is not necessary. State legislative districts are drawn by the state legislature. A simple majority vote in each chamber is required to pass a redistricting plan, which is subject to veto by the governor.[14]

    The South Dakota Constitution mandates that state legislative districts be contiguous and compact. State statutes "ask that districts protect communities of interest and respect geographical and political boundaries." Because these latter requirements are statutory, they can be modified by the state legislature at its discretion.[14]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in South Dakota after the 2020 census

    South Dakota enacted new state legislative districts after the legislature approved a compromise between two competing proposals. Both chambers voted to approve the final proposal, known as the Sparrow map, on November 10, 2021. The House approved the new districts in a 37-31 vote and the Senate by a vote of 30-2. Gov. Kristi Noem (R) signed the proposal into law later that night.[15]

    Both chambers approved their own versions of the final map on the first day of the special legislative session, which began on November 8, 2021. The House passed its Grouse 2.0 plan by a vote of 48-20, and the Senate approved its plan, known as the Blackbird 2.0 map, in a 20-15 vote. The two proposals mainly differed in their approach to Native American reservations and the rural areas around Rapid City, and the Sparrow addressed both preserving Native American districts and reconfiguring the districts covering Rapid City.[15] These maps took effect for South Dakota's 2022 legislative elections.

    District map after 2020 redistricting

    This map took effect for South Dakota's 2022 legislative elections.

    South Dakota House Map.jpg

    2010

    See also: Redistricting in South Dakota after the 2010 census

    Census data were delivered to South Dakota on February 11, 2011, showing that the state's population grew 7.9 percent to 814,180. This growth rate made South Dakota the 25th fastest-growing state in the country from 2000 to 2010.

    On October 24, 2011, the final redistricting map was approved by the legislature. The final vote was 31-4 in the South Dakota State Senate and 50-18 in the South Dakota House of Representatives. The plan was signed into law by Governor Dennis Daugaard (R) on October 25, and pre-cleared by the Department of Justice on January 19, 2012, as required under the Voting Rights Act.[16]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the South Dakota State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in South Dakota by year

    2024

    See also: 2024 South Dakota legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature is scheduled to convene on January 9, 2024, and adjourn on March 25, 2024.

    2023

    See also: 2023 South Dakota legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 10, 2023, and adjourn on March 27, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in South Dakota

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[22] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article III of the South Dakota Constitution establishes when the South Dakota State Legislature, of which the Senate is a part, is to be in session. Section 7 of Article III states that the Legislature is to meet in regular session each year on the second Tuesday of January.

    The South Dakota Constitution also contains provisions concerning special sessions of the Legislature. Section 3 of Article IV allows the Governor of South Dakota to convene a special session of the Legislature. Additionally, Section 31 of Article III allows for a special session to be convened by the presiding officers of both legislative houses upon the written request of two-thirds of the members of each house.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, procedures for filling membership vacancies, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-Republican Party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in South Dakota are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 47 of the 70 members in the South Dakota House of Representatives and 24 of the 35 members in the South Dakota State Senate. South Dakota is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    Authority: Article IV, Section 4 of the South Dakota Constitution.

    "Whenever the Legislature is in session, any bill presented to the Governor for signature shall become law when the Governor signs the bill or fails to veto the bill within five days, not including Saturdays, Sundays, or holidays, of presentation. A vetoed bill shall be returned by the Governor to the Legislature together with the Governor's objections within five days, not including Saturdays, Sundays, or holidays, of presentation if the Legislature is in session or upon the reconvening of the Legislature from a recess. Any vetoed bill shall be reconsidered by the Legislature and, if two-thirds of all members of each house shall pass the bill, it shall become law."

    Role in state budget

    See also: South Dakota state budget and finances
    South Dakota on Public Policy Logo-one line-on Ballotpedia.png
    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    BudgetsCivil libertiesEducationElectionsEnergyEnvironmentHealthcarePensions

    The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[23]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies between June and July of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year.
    2. State agencies submit their budget requests to the governor by August 31.
    3. Agency hearings are held in September.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in December.
    5. The legislature typically adopts a budget in March or April. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The fiscal year begins July 1.


    South Dakota is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[23]

    The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. Likewise, the legislature is required to pass a balanced budget.[23]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in South Dakota state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The South Dakota State Senate has 14 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the South Dakota Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article XXIII of the South Dakota Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in South Dakota

    Amendments to the South Dakota Constitution may be proposed in three different ways—through a citizen-initiated process, a legislative process, or a state constitutional convention.

    Initiative

    See also: Initiated constitutional amendment

    An initiated constitutional amendment is a citizen-initiated ballot measure that amends a state's constitution. There are 18 states that allow citizens to initiate constitutional amendments.

    In South Dakota, the number of signatures required for an initiated constitutional amendment is equal to 10% of the votes cast in the last gubernatorial election. A simple majority vote is required for voter approval.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    A simple majority vote is required during one legislative session for the South Dakota State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 36 votes in the South Dakota House of Representatives and 18 votes in the South Dakota State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

    Convention

    See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

    According to Section 2 of Article 23 of the South Dakota Constitution, the South Dakota State Legislature can call a state constitutional convention through a 75% vote in each legislative chamber. Citizens can initiate a constitutional convention question using the same procedures as an initiated constitutional amendment.



    2025 measures:

    See also: 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.

    No measures to list

    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.

    See also: South Dakota 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
    South Dakota Gender-Neutral Constitutional Language AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 18Yes votes: 35 (100%)No votes: 0 (0%)Yes: 4; No: 0Yes: 31; No: 0
    House:Required: 36Yes votes: 58 (82.8%)No votes: 12 (17.1%)Yes: 7; No: 0Yes: 51; No: 12


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.
    South Dakota Medicaid Work Requirement AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: Yes votes: (%)No votes: (%)Yes: ; No: Yes: ; No:
    House:Required: 36Yes votes: 60 (85.7%)No votes: 8 (11.4%)Yes: 0; No: 7Yes: 60; No: 1
    South Dakota Lieutenant Governor and Presiding Officers of the Senate and House of Representatives AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 18Yes votes: 25 (71.4%)No votes: 9 (25.7%)Yes: 3; No: 0Yes: 22; No: 9
    House:Required: 36Yes votes: 27 (38.5%)No votes: 43 (61.4%)Yes: 7; No: 0Yes: 20; No: 43

    See also

    Elections South Dakota State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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    South Dakota State Flag-Close Up.jpg
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. South Dakota State Legislature, "Legislator Reference Book," accessed February 16, 2021
    2. South Dakota Constitution, "Article 3, Section 7," accessed February 16, 2021
    3. South Dakota Secretary of State, "Qualification to Hold Office & Term Limitations," accessed February 10, 2023
    4. Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
    5. South Dakota Secretary of State, "South Dakota Primary and General Election Calendar 2018," accessed September 5, 2017
    6. Follow the Money, "South Dakota Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed August 2, 2014
    7. Follow the Money, "South Dakota 2008 Candidates," accessed July 31, 2013
    8. Follow the Money, "South Dakota 2006 Candidates," accessed July 31, 2013
    9. Follow the Money, "South Dakota 2004 Candidates," accessed July 31, 2013
    10. Follow the Money, "South Dakota 2002 Candidates," accessed July 31, 2013
    11. Follow the Money, "South Dakota 2000 Candidates," accessed July 31, 2013
    12. South Dakota State Legislature, "Legislative Terms of Office," accessed February 16, 2021
    13. South Dakota Legislature, "South Dakota Constitution Article III, Section 10," accessed February 3, 2023
    14. 14.0 14.1 All About Redistricting, "South Dakota," accessed April 23, 2015
    15. 15.0 15.1 Black Hills Fox, "South Dakota lawmakers compromise on redistricting map in special session," November 10, 2021
    16. Loyola University School of Law, "All About Redistricting," accessed July 5, 2012
    17. Caiti Blase, KDLT News, "South Dakota Legislature To Tackle Big Issues For 2015," January 12, 2015
    18. kotatv.com, "Sneak Peek into 2014 South Dakota Legislative Session," December 24, 2013
    19. KTIV, "UPDATE: SD Governor asks lawmakers to revamp criminal justice system," January 8, 2013
    20. 2011 South Dakota Legislative Research Council, "86th LEGISLATIVE SESSION CALENDAR," March 12, 2010
    21. South Dakota Legislative Research Council, "85th LEGISLATIVE SESSION CALENDAR," January 21, 2010
    22. Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023