Rhode Island State Senate

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Rhode Island State Senate
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General Information
Party control:   Democrat
Session start:   January 2, 2024
Session end:   June 30, 2024
Term length:   2 years
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Legislature-dominant
Salary:   $17,626.63/year
Members
Total:  38
Democrats:  33
Republicans:  5
Other:  0
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
President:   Dominick Ruggerio (D)
Maj. Leader:   Ryan Pearson (D)
Min. Leader:   Jessica de la Cruz (R)
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024

The Rhode Island State Senate is the upper chamber of the Rhode Island General Assembly. Alongside the Rhode Island House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Rhode Island state government and works alongside the governor of Rhode Island to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Rhode Island State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Rhode Island State Senate meets in the State House in Providence, Rhode Island.

  • All 38 seats in the Rhode Island State Senate were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Democratic supermajority remained 33-5.
  • All 38 Senate seats were up for election in 2020. The chamber's Democratic supermajority remained 33-5.

  • Rhode Island has a Democratic trifecta. The Democratic Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

    • This page contains the following information on the Rhode Island State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Rhode Island State Senate as of January 2024:

    Party As of January 2024
         Democratic Party 33
         Republican Party 5
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 38

    Members

    Leadership

    The president of the Senate serves as the presiding officer of the body. The president is elected to a two-year term by the entire Senate. Duties of the president include calling the Senate to order, deciding all questions of order, and appointing all standing committees. The majority and minority caucuses choose their party leaders. The majority and minority leaders serve as ex-officio members of all standing committees.[1]

    Leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Rhode Island State Senate District 1 Jake Bissaillon Democratic December 8, 2023
    Rhode Island State Senate District 2 Ana Quezada Democratic 2017
    Rhode Island State Senate District 3 Sam Zurier Democratic November 16, 2021
    Rhode Island State Senate District 4 Dominick Ruggerio Democratic January 1, 1985
    Rhode Island State Senate District 5 Sam Bell Democratic January 1, 2019
    Rhode Island State Senate District 6 Tiara Mack Democratic January 5, 2021
    Rhode Island State Senate District 7 Frank Ciccone Democratic 2003
    Rhode Island State Senate District 8 Sandra Cano Democratic April 12, 2018
    Rhode Island State Senate District 9 John Burke Democratic January 5, 2021
    Rhode Island State Senate District 10 Walter Felag Democratic 1999
    Rhode Island State Senate District 11 Linda Ujifusa Democratic January 3, 2023
    Rhode Island State Senate District 12 Louis DiPalma Democratic January 6, 2009
    Rhode Island State Senate District 13 Dawn Euer Democratic 2017
    Rhode Island State Senate District 14 Valarie Lawson Democratic January 1, 2019
    Rhode Island State Senate District 15 Meghan Kallman Democratic January 5, 2021
    Rhode Island State Senate District 16 Jonathon Acosta Democratic January 5, 2021
    Rhode Island State Senate District 17 Thomas Paolino Republican 2017
    Rhode Island State Senate District 18 Robert Britto Democratic January 3, 2023
    Rhode Island State Senate District 19 Ryan Pearson Democratic 2013
    Rhode Island State Senate District 20 Roger Picard Democratic January 6, 2009
    Rhode Island State Senate District 21 Gordon Rogers Republican January 1, 2019
    Rhode Island State Senate District 22 David Tikoian Democratic January 3, 2023
    Rhode Island State Senate District 23 Jessica de la Cruz Republican January 1, 2019
    Rhode Island State Senate District 24 Melissa Murray Democratic January 1, 2019
    Rhode Island State Senate District 25 Frank Lombardo III Democratic 2011
    Rhode Island State Senate District 26 Frank Lombardi Democratic 2013
    Rhode Island State Senate District 27 Hanna Gallo Democratic 1999
    Rhode Island State Senate District 28 Joshua Miller Democratic 2007
    Rhode Island State Senate District 29 Anthony DeLuca Republican January 3, 2023
    Rhode Island State Senate District 30 Mark McKenney Democratic January 3, 2023
    Rhode Island State Senate District 31 Matthew LaMountain Democratic January 3, 2023
    Rhode Island State Senate District 32 Pamela Lauria Democratic January 3, 2023
    Rhode Island State Senate District 33 Leonidas Raptakis Democratic 2013
    Rhode Island State Senate District 34 Elaine Morgan Republican January 6, 2015
    Rhode Island State Senate District 35 Bridget Valverde Democratic January 1, 2019
    Rhode Island State Senate District 36 Alana DiMario Democratic January 5, 2021
    Rhode Island State Senate District 37 V. Susan Sosnowski Democratic 1997
    Rhode Island State Senate District 38 Victoria Gu Democratic January 3, 2023


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2023
    SalaryPer diem
    $17,626.63/yearNo per diem is paid.

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Rhode Island legislators assume office the first Tuesday in January.[2]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    A candidate for the Rhode Island General Assembly must:[3]

    • Be a U.S. citizen
    • Be a registered voter
    • Be at least 18 years of age
    • Be a state resident for at least 30 days preceding the election
    • Be a resident of the district the candidate is running to represent

    Historical party control

    Democrats won control of the Rhode Island State Senate in 1958. In 2022, they won a 33-5 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the Rhode Island Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Rhode Island State Senate election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 39 40 41 42 44 32 33 33 33 29 32 32 33 33 33 33
    Republicans 11 10 9 8 6 6 5 5 4 8 5 5 5 5 5 5

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Rhode Island was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: 1992-1994, 2013-2023
    • Republican trifecta: None
    • Divided government: 1995-2012

    Rhode Island Party Control: 1992-2024
    Fifteen years of Democratic trifectas  •  No Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R I I D D D D D D D D D D D D
    Senate D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
    House D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Rhode Island state senators serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years. Rhode Island holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2024

    See also: Rhode Island State Senate elections, 2024

    Elections for the Rhode Island State Senate will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024.

    2022

    See also: Rhode Island State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the Rhode Island State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for September 13, 2022. The filing deadline was July 15, 2022.

    In the 2022 elections, Democrats maintained their majority of 33-5 in the Rhode Island State Senate.


    Rhode Island State Senate
    Party As of November 8, 2022 After November 9, 2022
         Democratic Party 33 33
         Republican Party 5 5
    Total 38 38

    2020

    See also: Rhode Island State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Rhode Island State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for September 8, 2020. The filing deadline was June 24, 2020.

    In the 2020 elections, Democrats maintained their majority of 33-5 in the Rhode Island State Senate.

    Rhode Island State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 33 33
         Republican Party 5 5
    Total 38 38

    2018

    See also: Rhode Island State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the Rhode Island State Senate took place in 2018. A hybrid primary election took place on September 12, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018.[4] The candidate filing deadline was June 27, 2018.[5]

    In the 2018 elections, Democrats maintained control of the Rhode Island State Senate.

    Rhode Island State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 33 33
         Republican Party 4 5
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 38 38

    2016

    See also: Rhode Island State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the Rhode Island State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election took place on September 13, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was June 29, 2016. All 38 seats in the Rhode Island State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Democrats held a 32-5 majority with one Independent member. Democrats gained one seat in the election, giving them a 33-5 majority.

    Rhode Island State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 32 33
         Republican Party 5 5
         Independent 1 0
    Total 38 38

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Rhode Island General Assembly, a special election must be held to fill the vacant seat. The secretary of state must call for an election to be held anywhere from 70 to 90 days after the vacancy occurred. No election can be held if the vacancy happens after the first Monday in February during an election year. The person elected to fill the seat serves for the remainder of the unfilled term.[13]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Rhode Island Gen. Laws § 17-3-6

    District map

    See also: Rhode Island state legislative districts

    The state of Rhode Island has 38 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.



    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Rhode Island

    In Rhode Island, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the Rhode Island General Assembly. These lines are subject to veto by the governor.[14]

    An 18-member advisory commission established in 2011 can recommend congressional and state legislative redistricting plans to the state legislature. The legislature may "adopt, modify, or ignore the commission's proposals." The composition of the commission is as follows:[14]

    1. The majority leader of the Rhode Island State Senate chooses four commissioners who are state legislators and three who are not, for a total of seven commissioners.
    2. The majority leader of the Rhode Island House of Representatives chooses four commissioners who are state legislators and three who are not, for a total of seven commissioners.
    3. The minority leader of the Rhode Island State Senate chooses two commissioners who are state legislators.
    4. The minority leader of the Rhode Island House of Representatives chooses two commissioners who are state legislators.

    The Rhode Island Constitution requires that state legislative districts be compact.[14]

    State statutes require that congressional and state legislative districts meet the following criteria:[14]

    1. Districts should be contiguous.
    2. Districts should "reflect natural, historical, geographical, and municipal and other political lines, 'as well as the right of all Rhode Islanders to fair representation and equal access to the political process.'"
    3. "The lines of state House, state Senate and congressional districts [should] coincide–or at least, if they do not overlap completely, they should avoid creating voting precincts with distinct ballot options where the precinct has fewer than 100 people."

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Rhode Island after the 2020 census

    Rhode Island enacted new legislative district boundaries on February 16, 2022, when Gov. Dan McKee (D) signed redistricting legislation approved by the General Assembly. The State House of Representatives passed the new maps by a vote of 57-6 and the State Senate approved them, 29-9, on February 15, 2022. In a press release issued after Gov. McKee signed the legislation, State Representative Robert Phillips (D), co-chair of the state's legislative Reapportionment Commission, said, "It was an honor and pleasure to work with such a dedicated group of individuals on this commission. I’m particularly proud of the fact that we obtained so much input from citizens around the state, holding our meetings in several cities and towns to make it more accessible to everyone. Reapportionment can be daunting and complex, but I’m glad we took everyone’s concerns into account and came up with a fair and equitable system of reapportionment.”[15][16][17][18]

    The Providence Journal's Patrick Anderson and Katherine Gregg wrote "Although some district boundaries changed a lot, the new maps did not put any incumbent General Assembly members in the same district, forcing them to run against each other. But the maps did draw some would-be challengers out of their current districts, potentially protecting incumbents from a tough reelection battle.[19] Edward Fitzpatrick of the Boston Globe wrote that "critics have said both Democratic and Republican incumbents were allowed to shape their districts during private meetings with the state’s long-time redistricting consultant."[20]

    2010

    See also: Redistricting in Rhode Island after the 2010 census

    Rhode Island received its census data on March 23, 2011. The state had a growth rate of 0.4 percent, which was below the national average of 9.7 percent. The five counties ranged from -3.0 to 2.8 percent growth. The population change rate of its five most populous cities were as follows: Providence grew by 2.5 percent, Warwick decreased by 3.7 percent, Cranston grew by 1.4 percent, Pawtucket decreased by 2.5 percent, and East Providence decreased by 3.4 percent.[21]

    On February 1, 2012, the Senate and House passed a proposal that the commission had released and approved in December 2011. Gov. Lincoln Chafee (I) signed the maps into law on February 8, 2012.

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Rhode Island State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Rhode Island by year

    2024

    See also: 2024 Rhode Island legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 2, 2024, and adjourn on June 30, 2024.

    2023

    See also: 2023 Rhode Island legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 3, 2023, and adjourn on June 16, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in Rhode Island

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[40] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article VI of the Rhode Island Constitution establishes when the Rhode Island General Assembly, of which the Senate is a part, is to be in session. Section 3 of Article states that the General Assembly is to convene its regular session on the first Tuesday of January in each year.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-Democratic Party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Rhode Island are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Three-fifths of members in both chambers.

    Three-fifths of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 45 of the 75 members in the Rhode Island House of Representatives and 23 of the 38 members in the Rhode Island State Senate. Rhode Island is one of seven states that requires a three-fifths vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    Authority: Article IX, Section 14 of the Rhode Island Constitution.

    "Every bill, resolution, or vote (except such as relate to adjournment, the organization or conduct of either or both houses of the general assembly, and resolutions proposing amendment to the Constitution) which shall have passed both houses of the general assembly shall be presented to the governor. If the governor approve it the governor shall sign it, and thereupon it shall become operative, but if the governor does not approve it the governor shall return it, accompanied by the governor's objections in writing to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the governor's objections in full upon its journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, three-fifths of the members present and voting in that house shall vote to pass the measure, it shall be sent with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise by reconsidered, and if approved by three-fifths of the members present and voting in that house, it shall become operative in the same manner as if the governor had approved it, but in such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by ayes and nays and the names of the members voting for and against the measure shall be entered upon the journal of each house, respectively."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Rhode Island state budget and finances
    Rhode Island on Public Policy Logo-one line-on Ballotpedia.png
    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[41]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in July of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year.
    2. Agencies submit their budget requests to the governor by October 1.
    3. Agency hearings are held in November and December.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in January. A newly elected governor has until the first Thursday in February.
    5. The legislature typically adopts a budget in June. The fiscal year begins July 1.


    In Rhode Island, the governor has no veto authority over the budget.[41]

    The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. Likewise, the legislature is required to pass a balanced budget.[41]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Rhode Island state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Rhode Island State Senate has 10 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Rhode Island Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article XIV of the Rhode Island Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Rhode Island

    There are two paths by which the Rhode Island Constitution can be changed: the legislatively referred constitutional amendment and the constitutional convention. Rhode Island residents do not have the power of initiated constitutional amendments.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    A simple majority vote is required during one legislative session for the Rhode Island State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 20 votes in the Rhode Island House of Representatives and 38 votes in the Rhode Island State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

    Convention

    See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

    According to section 2 of Article XIV of the Rhode Island Constitution, a simple majority vote in one legislative session is required for the state legislature to place a constitutional convention question on the ballot. A simple majority vote of the electorate is required to call the convention. The state constitution also requires that a state constitutional convention question is provided to voters at least 10 years after the prior question. Rhode Island is one of 14 states that provides for an automatic constitutional convention question.

    The table below shows the last and next constitutional convention question election years:

    State Interval Last question on the ballot Next question on the ballot
    Rhode Island 10 years 2014 2024



    2025 measures:

    See also: 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.

    No measures to list

    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.

    See also: Rhode Island 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.

    No measures to list

    See also

    Elections Rhode Island State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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    Rhode Island State Flag-Close Up.jpg
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ The State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "Rhode Island Senate Leadership," accessed July 1, 2014
    2. ↑ Rhode Island Constitution, "Article VI, Section 3," accessed February 3, 2023
    3. ↑ Rhode Island Secretary of State, "Are You Eligible?" accessed February 10, 2023
    4. ↑ Rhode Island Board of Elections, "Upcoming elections," accessed September 1, 2017
    5. ↑ Rhode Island Department of State, "Candidates," accessed September 1, 2017
    6. ↑ Follow the Money, "Rhode Island State Senate 2012 Campaign Contributions," accessed June 6, 2014
    7. ↑ Follow the Money, "Rhode Island State Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed June 6, 2014
    8. ↑ Follow the Money, "Rhode Island State Senate 2008 Campaign Contributions," accessed June 6, 2014
    9. ↑ Follow the Money, "Rhode Island State Senate 2006 Campaign Contributions," accessed June 6, 2014
    10. ↑ Follow the Money, "Rhode Island State Senate 2004 Campaign Contributions," accessed June 6, 2014
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "Rhode Island State Senate 2002 Campaign Contributions," accessed June 6, 2014
    12. ↑ Follow the Money, "Rhode Island State Senate 2000 Campaign Contributions," accessed June 6, 2014
    13. ↑ Rhode Island General Laws, "Title 17 Elections; Chapter 3 General Assembly Members; § 17-3-6. Vacancy in general assembly — Special elections," accessed February 3, 2023
    14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 All About Redistricting, "Rhode Island," accessed May 7, 2015
    15. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "Bill to reapportion House, Senate, congressional districts signed into law," accessed February 18, 2022
    16. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "2022 House Journals - February 15th," accessed February 18, 2022
    17. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "House Floor Votes for 2/15/2022," accessed February 18, 2022
    18. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "Legislative Status Report - Senate Bill No. 2162 SUB A as amended," accessed February 18, 2022
    19. ↑ The Providence Journal, "Redistricting maps: General Assembly approves new Rhode Island political boundaries," February 15, 2022
    20. ↑ Boston Globe, "Assembly votes for final House, Senate, congressional maps," February 15, 2022
    21. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Rhode Island's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting," March 23, 2011
    22. ↑ The Westerly Sun, "Guest commentary: Senate budget will protect Rhode Island taxpayers," July 6, 2017
    23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
    24. ↑ Providence Journal, "My Turn: Nicholas A. Mattiello: Senate’s last-minute shenanigans hurt R.I.," July 8, 2017
    25. ↑ Rhode Island Public Radio, "RI Budget Impasse Could End With Senate Vote As Soon As Next Week," July 19, 2017
    26. ↑ WPRI, "Governor signs RI budget after month-long standoff," August 3, 2017
    27. ↑ Rhode Island Public Radio, "Analysis: Statehouse Frittata Leaves RI State Budget In Limbo," July 5, 2017
    28. ↑ WPRI, "RI House approves $9.2B new state budget," June 22, 2017
    29. ↑ U.S. News, "RI Governor to Lawmakers: 'Do Your Job' and Pass Budget," July 5, 2017
    30. ↑ U.S. News, "Rhode Island Struggles to Eliminate Hated Car Tax," April 2, 2017
    31. ↑ Providence Journal, "GOP, NRA gain unexpected ground when R.I. lawmakers end session in standoff," July 1, 2017
    32. ↑ Providence Journal, "Tolls, drivers' licenses among issues greeting R.I. lawmakers as they reconvene," accessed January 7, 2016
    33. ↑ Providence Journal, "On tap for R.I.'s General Assembly in 2016: Tolls, gambling, gun control," accessed January 7, 2016
    34. ↑ Providence Journal, "Top R.I. lawmakers Mattiello, Paiva Weed pledge cooperation with new governor," accessed January 22, 2015
    35. ↑ www.providencejournal.com/, "R.I. General Assembly fields more than 30 pieces of legislation, touching on minimum wage, corporate tax," accessed January 10, 2014
    36. ↑ boston.com, "Pensions, budget, tolls on 2014 legislative agenda," accessed January 10, 2014(Archived)
    37. ↑ Coventry Patch, "This week at the General assembly," January 6, 2013
    38. ↑ Boston.com, "Issues to watch in 2012 RI session," January 2, 2012
    39. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 19, 2014(Archived)
    40. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
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