Oregon House of Representatives

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Oregon House of
Representatives
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Democrat
Session start:   February 5, 2024
Session end:   March 10, 2024
Term length:   2 years
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Legislature-dominant
Salary:   $35,052/year + per diem
Members
Total:  60
Democrats:  35
Republicans:  24
Other:  0
Vacancies:  1
Leadership
Speaker:   Dan Rayfield (D)
Maj. Leader:   Julie Fahey (D)
Min. Leader:   Jeff Helfrich (R)
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024

The Oregon House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Oregon State Legislature. Alongside the Oregon State Senate, it forms the legislative branch of the Oregon state government and works alongside the governor of Oregon to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Oregon House of Representatives include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Oregon House of Representatives meets in the state capitol building in Salem, Oregon.

  • All 60 seats in the Oregon House of Representatives were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Democratic majority decreased from 37-23 to 35-25.
  • All 60 House seats were up for election in 2020. The chamber's Democratic supermajority decreased from 38-22 to 37-23.
  • Oregon has a Democratic trifecta. The Democratic Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

  • This page contains the following information on the Oregon House of Representatives.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Oregon House of Representatives as of January 2024:

    Party As of January 2024
         Democratic Party 35
         Republican Party 24
         Other 0
         Vacancies 1
    Total 60

    Members

    Leadership

    The speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the body.

    Leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Oregon House of Representatives District 1 Court Boice Republican February 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 2 Virgle Osborne Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 3 Vacant
    Oregon House of Representatives District 4 Christine Goodwin Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 5 Pam Marsh Democratic 2017
    Oregon House of Representatives District 6 Kim Wallan Republican 2019
    Oregon House of Representatives District 7 John Lively Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 8 Paul Holvey Democratic 2004
    Oregon House of Representatives District 9 Boomer Wright Republican January 11, 2021
    Oregon House of Representatives District 10 David Gomberg Democratic 2013
    Oregon House of Representatives District 11 Jami Cate Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 12 Charlie Conrad Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 13 Nancy Nathanson Democratic 2007
    Oregon House of Representatives District 14 Julie Fahey Democratic January 9, 2017
    Oregon House of Representatives District 15 Shelly Boshart Davis Republican 2019
    Oregon House of Representatives District 16 Dan Rayfield Democratic January 12, 2015
    Oregon House of Representatives District 17 Ed Diehl Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 18 Rick Lewis Republican 2017
    Oregon House of Representatives District 19 Tom Andersen Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 20 Paul Evans Democratic January 12, 2015
    Oregon House of Representatives District 21 Kevin Mannix Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 22 Tracy Cramer Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 23 Anna Scharf Republican July 12, 2021
    Oregon House of Representatives District 24 Lucetta Elmer Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 25 Ben Bowman Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 26 Courtney Neron Democratic 2019
    Oregon House of Representatives District 27 Ken Helm Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 28 Dacia Grayber Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 29 Susan McLain Democratic January 12, 2015
    Oregon House of Representatives District 30 Nathan Sosa Democratic February 1, 2022
    Oregon House of Representatives District 31 Brian Stout Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 32 Cyrus Javadi Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 33 Maxine Dexter Democratic June 14, 2020
    Oregon House of Representatives District 34 Lisa Reynolds Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 35 Farrah Chaichi Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 36 Hai Pham Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 37 Jules Walters Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 38 Daniel Nguyen Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 39 Janelle Bynum Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 40 Annessa Hartman Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 41 Mark Gamba Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 42 Rob Nosse Democratic July 7, 2014
    Oregon House of Representatives District 43 Tawna Sanchez Democratic 2017
    Oregon House of Representatives District 44 Travis Nelson Democratic February 1, 2022
    Oregon House of Representatives District 45 Thuy Tran Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 46 Khanh Pham Democratic January 11, 2021
    Oregon House of Representatives District 47 Andrea Valderrama Democratic April 1, 2021
    Oregon House of Representatives District 48 Hoa Nguyen Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 49 Zach Hudson Democratic January 11, 2021
    Oregon House of Representatives District 50 Ricki Ruiz Democratic January 11, 2021
    Oregon House of Representatives District 51 James Hieb Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 52 Jeffrey Helfrich Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 53 Emerson Levy Democratic January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 54 Jason Kropf Democratic January 11, 2021
    Oregon House of Representatives District 55 E. Werner Reschke Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 56 Emily McIntire Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 57 Greg Smith Republican 2001
    Oregon House of Representatives District 58 Bobby Levy Republican January 11, 2021
    Oregon House of Representatives District 59 Vikki Breese-Iverson Republican January 9, 2023
    Oregon House of Representatives District 60 Mark Owens Republican January 31, 2020


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2023
    SalaryPer diem
    $35,052/year$157/day

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Oregon legislators assume office the second Monday in January following the election.[1]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    According to Article IV, Section 8 of the Oregon Constitution, candidates for the Oregon State Legislature must meet the following qualifications:[2]

    • Be a citizen of the United States,
    • Be at least 21 years of age,
    • Be an inhabitant of the district from which the Senator or Representative may be chosen for at least one year preceding the election (or from January 1 if a reapportionment year ),
    • Not be convicted of a felony (unless the sentence received for the conviction is completed prior to the date that person would take office if elected.)

    Historical party control

    Democrats won control of the Oregon House of Representatives in 2012. In 2022, they won a 35-25 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the Oregon House following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Oregon House of Representatives election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 28 26 29 25 27 25 27 31 36 30 34 35 35 38 37 35
    Republicans 32 34 31 34 33 35 33 29 24 30 26 25 25 22 23 25

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Oregon was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: 2007-2010, 2013-2023
    • Republican trifecta: None
    • Divided government: 1992-2006, 2011-2012

    Oregon Party Control: 1992-2024
    Sixteen years of Democratic trifectas  •  No Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
    Senate D D D R R R R R R R R S S D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
    House R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D S S D D D D D D D D D D D D

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Oregon state representatives serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years. Oregon holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2024

    See also: Oregon House of Representatives elections, 2024

    Elections for the Oregon House of Representatives will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024. A primary is May 21, 2024. The filing deadline is March 14, 2024.

    2022

    See also: Oregon House of Representatives elections, 2022

    Elections for the Oregon House of Representatives took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for May 17, 2022. The filing deadline was March 8, 2022.

    Heading into the 2022 election, Democrats held a 37-23 majority. Democrats lost two seats in the election, giving them a 35-25 majority.

    Oregon House of Representatives
    Party As of November 8, 2022 After November 9, 2022
         Democratic Party 37 35
         Republican Party 23 25
    Total 60 60

    2020

    See also: Oregon House of Representatives elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Oregon House of Representatives took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for May 19, 2020. The filing deadline was March 10, 2020.

    Heading into the 2020 election, Democrats held a 38-22 majority. Democrats lost one seat in the election, giving them a 37-23 majority.

    Oregon House of Representatives
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 38 37
         Republican Party 22 23
    Total 60 60

    2018

    See also: Oregon House of Representatives elections, 2018

    Elections for the Oregon House of Representatives took place in 2018. A closed primary election took place on May 15, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 6, 2018.[3]

    In the 2018 elections, Democrats increased their majority in the Oregon House of Representatives from 35-25 to 38-22.

    Oregon House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 35 38
         Republican Party 25 22
    Total 60 60

    2016

    See also: Oregon House of Representatives elections, 2016

    Elections for the Oregon House of Representatives took place in 2016. The primary election took place on May 17, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was March 8, 2016. All 60 seats in the Oregon House of Representatives were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Democrats held a 35-25 majority. No partisan change occurred in the election.

    Oregon House of Representatives
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 35 35
         Republican Party 25 25
    Total 60 60

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Oregon State Legislature, the board of county commissioners representing the vacant seat must select a replacement. This can only be done when the Legislature is in session or when the vacancy happens more than 61 days before the next scheduled general election.[11] The board must select a person from the political party that last held the vacant seat. The board must consider three to five candidates, nominated by the local county party that last controlled the seat. A replacement must be selected within 30 days of the vacancy. Persons selected to fill vacancies serve until the second Monday in January following the general election.[12]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Oregon Rev. Stat. §171.051

    District map

    See also: Oregon state legislative districts

    The state of Oregon has 60 state House districts. Each district elects one representative.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.



    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Oregon

    In Oregon, congressional and state legislative district lines are drawn by the state legislature. District lines are subject to veto by the governor.[13]

    If the legislature fails to establish a redistricting plan for state legislative districts, it falls to the secretary of state to draw the boundaries.[13]

    State law requires that congressional and state legislative districts meet the following criteria:[13]

    • Districts must be contiguous.
    • Districts must "utilize existing geographic or political boundaries."
    • Districts should not "divide communities of common interest."
    • Districts should "be connected by transportation links."
    • Districts "must not be drawn for the purpose of favoring a political party, incumbent or other person."

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Oregon after the 2020 census

    Gov. Kate Brown (D) signed new state legislative maps into law on September 27, 2021. The maps were approved by the Oregon House of Representatives, 31-18, and approved in the Oregon State Senate 18-11.[14] These maps took effect for Oregon’s 2022 legislative elections.

    District map before and after 2020 redistricting

    Below are the maps in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle.

    Oregon State House Districts
    until January 8, 2023

    Click a district to compare boundaries.

    Oregon State House Districts
    starting January 9, 2023

    Click a district to compare boundaries.


    2010

    See also: Redistricting in Oregon after the 2010 census

    Oregon's population increased by 12 percent from 2000-2010, exceeding the national average of 9.7 percent. Gov. John Kitzhaber (D) signed the state's redistricting plan into law on June 13, 2011, six days after its original proposal. This was the first time Oregon enacted a redistricting plan without the involvement of the Secretary of State in 100 years.

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Oregon House of Representatives has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the House to the Senate and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Oregon by year

    2024

    See also: 2024 Oregon legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature is scheduled to convene on February 5, 2024, and adjourn on March 10, 2024.

    2023

    See also: 2023 Oregon legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 17, 2023, and adjourn on June 25, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in Oregon

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[21] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article IV of the Oregon Constitution establishes when the Oregon State Legislature, of which the House of Representatives is a part, is to meet. Section 10 of Article IV states that the Legislature will meet in regular session once every two years. The section goes on to establish starting dates for these sessions, but these dates have been changed by law (as the section allows).

    Section 10 of Article IV also requires the presiding officers of both legislative houses to convene an emergency session of the Legislature when a majority of the members of each house request an emergency session.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-No party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Oregon are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members present in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members present in both chambers must vote to override a veto. If all members are in attendance, this is 40 of the 60 members in the Oregon House of Representatives and 20 of the 30 members in the Oregon State Senate. Oregon is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?

    Vetoes can be overridden in a special session or when the next regular session convenes.[22][23] A majority of members in both chambers must agree to call for a special session.[24]

    Authority: Article V, Section 15b of the Oregon Constitution.

    "(1) Every bill which shall have passed the Legislative Assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor; if the Governor approve, the Governor shall sign it; but if not, the Governor shall return it with written objections to that house in which it shall have originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon the journal and proceed to reconsider it.
    (2) If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members present shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of the members present, it shall become a law."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Oregon state budget and finances
    Oregon on Public Policy Logo-one line-on Ballotpedia.png
    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    BudgetsCivil libertiesEducationElectionsEnergyEnvironmentHealthcarePensions

    The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[25]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in March.
    2. State agencies submit their budget requests to the governor in September.
    3. Agency hearings are held between September and November.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature by December 1. For new governors, the deadline is the first day the legislature convenes.
    5. The legislature adopts a budget between February and June. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The biennium begins July 1.


    Oregon is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[25]

    The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. Likewise, the legislature is required to pass a balanced budget.[25]

    Unexcused absences

    See also: Oregon Measure 113, Exclusion from Re-election for Legislative Absenteeism Initiative (2022)

    If a legislator is absent from 10 legislative floor sessions without permission or excuse, they are disqualified from holding office for the term following the election after their current term is completed.

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Oregon state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Oregon House of Representatives has 19 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Oregon Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Section 1, Article IV, and Article XII of the Oregon Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Oregon
    Cover of the 1857 Oregon Constitution

    The Oregon Constitution lays out four different paths, in two different articles, for how to go about changing the state's constitution.

    • An initiated amendment must be proposed "by a petition signed by a number of qualified voters equal to eight percent of the total number of votes cast for all candidates for Governor at the election at which a Governor was elected for a term of four years next preceding the filing of the petition."
    • The petition must include the full text of the proposed amendment.
    • The signatures must be filed "not less than four months before the election at which the proposed...amendment to the Constitution is to be voted upon."
    • Article IV contains several restrictions on the initiative process such as Section 1b, which prohibits pay-per-signature.
    • Amendments can be proposed in either house of the state legislature.
    • To earn a spot on the ballot, a "majority of all the members elected to each of the two houses" must vote in favor of a proposed amendment.
    • The Legislature can put any such referred amendments on a special election ballot.
    • If more than one amendment is proposed by the legislature, they must be voted on separately.
    • The constitution does not define how such a referendum is to be put before voters.
    • Possible ways might include a citizen-initiated question or a vote of the legislature.



    2025 measures:

    See also: 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.

    No measures to list

    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.

    See also: Oregon 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
    Oregon Impeachment of Elected State Executives AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 16Yes votes: 25 (83.3%)No votes: 0 (0%)Yes: 17; No: 0Yes: 8; No: 0
    House:Required: 31Yes votes: 54 (90%)No votes: 0 (0%)Yes: 34; No: 0Yes: 20; No: 0
    Oregon Independent Public Service Compensation Commission AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 16Yes votes: 21 (70.0%)No votes: 4 (13.3%)Yes: 17; No: 0Yes: 4; No: 4
    House:Required: 31Yes votes: 47 (78.3%)No votes: 3 (5%)Yes: 34; No: 0Yes: 13; No: 3


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.

    No measures to list

    See also

    Elections Oregon State Government State Legislatures State Politics
    Ballotpedia Elections Badge-VOTE-no shadow-Square.jpg
    Oregon State Flag-Close Up.jpg
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. Oregon Constitution, "Article IV, Section 4," accessed February 17, 2021
    2. Oregon State Legislature, "The Legislative Body," accessed February 10, 2023
    3. Oregon Secretary of State, "Oregon Secretary of State Elections Division Offices Open May 15, 2018, Primary Election," accessed September 1, 2017
    4. Follow the Money, "Oregon House of Representatives 2012 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    5. Follow the Money, "Oregon House of Representatives 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    6. Follow the Money, "Oregon House of Representatives 2008 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    7. Follow the Money, "Oregon House of Representatives 2006 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    8. Follow the Money, "Oregon House of Representatives 2004 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    9. Follow the Money, "Oregon House of Representatives 2002 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    10. Follow the Money, "Oregon House of Representatives 2000 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    11. OregonLaws, "Oregon Revised Laws," accessed February 15, 2021 (Statute 171.051, (1) (a)-(c))
    12. OregonLaws, "Oregon Revised Laws," accessed February 15, 2021 (Statute 171.051, (2)-(6))
    13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 All About Redistricting, "Oregon," accessed April 28, 2015
    14. Oregon State Legislature, "SB 882 Enrolled," accessed September 28, 2021
    15. Oregon Live, "Oregon Legislature by the numbers: What to watch for in 2015," accessed February 2, 2015
    16. oregonlive.com, "2014 Oregon Legislature: 35 days for guns, pot, booze and a zombie bridge," accessed February 3, 2014
    17. Statesman Journal, "Immigration issues back in spotlight at Oregon Legislature," January 27, 2013
    18. Daily Tidings, "Immigration issues on agenda for Ore. Legislature," February 1, 2013
    19. National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    20. National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed July 28, 2014(Archived)
    21. Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    22. National Conference of State Legislatures, "The Veto Process," accessed June 22, 2017
    23. The Oregon Legislature, "How an Idea Really Becomes a Law," accessed July 3, 2017
    24. National Conference of State Legislatures, "Special Sessions," May 6, 2009
    25. 25.0 25.1 25.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023