New York State Senate

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New York State Senate
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Democrat
Session start:   January 3, 2024
Session end:   June 6, 2024
Term length:   2 years
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Hybrid
Salary:   $142,000/year + per diem
Members
Total:  63
Democrats:  42
Republicans:  21
Other:  0
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
President:   Brian Benjamin (D)
Maj. Leader:   Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D)
Min. Leader:   Robert Ortt (R)
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024

The New York State Senate is the upper chamber of the New York State Legislature. Alongside the New York State Assembly, it forms the legislative branch of the New York state government and works alongside the governor of New York to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the New York State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The New York State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Albany, New York.

  • All 63 seats in the New York State Senate were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Democratic majority changed from 42-20 (with one vacancy) to 42-21.
  • All 63 seats in the state Senate were up for election in 2020. The chamber's Democratic majority increased from 40-20 (with three vacancies) to 43-20.

  • New York has a Democratic trifecta. The Democratic Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

    • This page contains the following information on the New York State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the New York State Senate as of January 2024:

    Party As of January 2024
         Democratic Party 42
         Republican Party 21
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 63

    Members

    Leadership

    The lieutenant governor serves as president of the Senate, the presiding officer of the body, but can only vote in the event of a tie.[1]

    Leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    New York State Senate District 1 Anthony Palumbo Republican January 1, 2021
    New York State Senate District 2 Mario Mattera Republican January 1, 2021
    New York State Senate District 3 Dean Murray Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 4 Monica Martinez Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 5 Steven Rhoads Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 6 Kevin Thomas Democratic January 1, 2019
    New York State Senate District 7 Jack Martins Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 8 Alexis Weik Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 9 Patricia Canzoneri-Fitzpatrick Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 10 James Sanders, Jr. Democratic January 1, 2013
    New York State Senate District 11 Toby Ann Stavisky Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 12 Michael Gianaris Democratic 2011
    New York State Senate District 13 Jessica Ramos Democratic January 1, 2019
    New York State Senate District 14 Leroy Comrie Democratic January 1, 2015
    New York State Senate District 15 Joseph Addabbo Democratic 2009
    New York State Senate District 16 John Liu Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 17 Iwen Chu Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 18 Julia Salazar Democratic January 1, 2019
    New York State Senate District 19 Roxanne Persaud Democratic 2015
    New York State Senate District 20 Zellnor Myrie Democratic January 1, 2019
    New York State Senate District 21 Kevin Parker Democratic 2003
    New York State Senate District 22 Simcha Felder Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 23 Jessica Scarcella-Spanton Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 24 Andrew Lanza Republican 2007
    New York State Senate District 25 Jabari Brisport Democratic January 1, 2021
    New York State Senate District 26 Andrew Gounardes Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 27 Brian Kavanagh Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 28 Liz Krueger Democratic 2013
    New York State Senate District 29 Jose M. Serrano Democratic 2013
    New York State Senate District 30 Cordell Cleare Democratic November 30, 2021
    New York State Senate District 31 Robert Jackson Democratic January 1, 2019
    New York State Senate District 32 Luis Sepúlveda Democratic April 30, 2018
    New York State Senate District 33 J. Gustavo Rivera Democratic 2011
    New York State Senate District 34 Nathalia Fernandez Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 35 Andrea Stewart-Cousins Democratic 2007
    New York State Senate District 36 Jamaal Bailey Democratic 2017
    New York State Senate District 37 Shelley Mayer Democratic 2018
    New York State Senate District 38 William Weber Jr. Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 39 Robert Rolison Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 40 Peter Harckham Democratic January 1, 2019
    New York State Senate District 41 Michelle Hinchey Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 42 James Skoufis Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 43 Jacob Ashby Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 44 James Tedisco Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 45 Dan Stec Republican January 1, 2021
    New York State Senate District 46 Neil Breslin Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 47 Brad Hoylman Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 48 Rachel May Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 49 Mark Walczyk Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 50 John Mannion Democratic December 16, 2020
    New York State Senate District 51 Peter Oberacker Republican January 1, 2021
    New York State Senate District 52 Lea Webb Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 53 Joseph Griffo Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 54 Pamela Helming Republican 2017
    New York State Senate District 55 Samra Brouk Democratic January 1, 2021
    New York State Senate District 56 Jeremy Cooney Democratic January 1, 2021
    New York State Senate District 57 George Borrello Republican November 26, 2019
    New York State Senate District 58 Thomas O'Mara Republican 2013
    New York State Senate District 59 Kristen Gonzalez Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 60 Patrick Gallivan Republican January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 61 Sean Ryan Democratic January 1, 2023
    New York State Senate District 62 Robert Ortt Republican January 1, 2015
    New York State Senate District 63 Timothy M. Kennedy Democratic 2013


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2023
    SalaryPer diem
    $142,000/yearThe exact amount members receive for per diem is unknown.

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    New York legislators assume office the first day of January after a general election.[2]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    Article 3, Section 7 of the New York Constitution states:

    “ No person shall serve as a member of the legislature unless he or she is a citizen of the United States and has been a resident of the state of New York for five years, and, except as hereinafter otherwise prescribed, of the assembly or senate district for the twelve months immediately preceding his or her election; if elected a senator or member of assembly at the first election next ensuing after a readjustment or alteration of the senate or assembly districts becomes effective, a person, to be eligible to serve as such, must have been a resident of the county in which the senate or assembly district is contained for the twelve months immediately preceding his or her election.[3][4] ”

    Historical party control

    Democrats won control of the New York State Senate in 2018. In 2022, they won a 42-21 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the New York Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    New York State Senate election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 26 25 26 26 25 25 27 29 32 30 33 31 32 40 43 42
    Republicans 35 36 35 35 36 37 35 33 30 32 30* 32 31* 23 20 21

    *A coalition between the Independent Democratic Conference and Senate Republicans kept the Senate in Republican control.

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, New York was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: 2009-2010, 2019-2023
    • Republican trifecta: None
    • Divided government: 1992-2008, 2011-2018

    New York Party Control: 1992-2024
    Eight years of Democratic trifectas  •  No Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
    Senate R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D R R R R R R R R D D D D D D
    Assembly D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

    Elections

    Elections by year

    New York state senators serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years. New York holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2024

    See also: New York State Senate elections, 2024

    Elections for the New York State Senate will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024.

    2022

    See also: New York State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the New York State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for August 23, 2022. The filing deadline was June 10, 2022.

    In the 2022 elections, Republicans increased their minority in the New York State Senate from 20-42 with one vacancy to 21-42.

    New York State Senate
    Party As of November 8, 2022 After November 9, 2022
         Democratic Party 42 42
         Republican Party 20 21
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 63 63

    2020

    See also: New York State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of New York State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 23, 2020. The filing deadline was April 2, 2020.

    In the 2020 elections, Democrats increased their majority in the New York State Senate from 40-20 with three vacancies to 43-20.

    New York State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 40 43
         Republican Party 20 20
         Vacancy 3 0
    Total 63 63

    2018

    See also: New York State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the New York State Senate took place in 2018. A closed primary election took place on September 13, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was July 12, 2018.[5]

    In the 2018 elections, Democrats flipped eight seats and gained full control of the New York State Senate.

    New York State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 32 40
         Republican Party 31 23
    Total 63 63

    2016

    See also: New York State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the New York State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election took place on September 13, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The filing deadline for major party candidates was July 14, 2016. The filing deadline for independent candidates was August 23, 2016. All 63 seats in the New York State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, the state Senate was tied at 31-31 with one vacancy. Democrats held a 32-31 numerical majority in the Senate following the 2016 elections but a coalition between the Independent Democratic Conference (IDC) and Senate Republicans kept the state Senate under Republican control.

    New York State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 31 32
         Republican Party 31 31
         Vacant 1 0
    Total 63 63

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the New York Legislature, a special election must be held to fill the vacant seat. A special election can be held as long as the vacancy occurred before April 1 of the last year of the former officeholder's term. If a special session is called in the state legislature after this date, a special election may be called to fill the seat.[13] The person elected to fill the vacant seat serves for the remainder of the unexpired term.[14]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: New York Public Officers Law § 42

    District map

    See also: New York state legislative districts

    The state of New York has 213 legislative districts. The state Senate is made up of 63 senators elected from 63 districts. The Assembly is composed of 150 members coming from 150 districts.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.



    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in New York

    On March 14, 2012, the state legislature approved a constitutional amendment to establish new redistricting procedures beginning in 2020. The New York Constitution requires that two successive legislatures approve an amendment in order to qualify it for final approval by popular vote. The legislature approved the amendment a second time in 2013. On November 4, 2014, voters approved the amendment, the provisions of which were set to take effect during the 2020 redistricting cycle.[15]

    The 10-member commission comprises the following members:[15]

    1. Two members must be appointed by the temporary president of the New York State Senate.
    2. Two members must be appointed by the speaker of the New York State Assembly.
    3. Two members must be appointed by the minority leader of the New York State Senate.
    4. Two members must be appointed by the minority leader of the New York State Assembly.
    5. Two members must appointed by the aforementioned eight commissioners. These two appointees cannot have been enrolled in the top two major political parties in the state.

    The legislature must approve the commission's plans by a simple up/down vote. The legislature must reject two separate sets of redistricting plans before it will be able to amend the commission's proposals. All districts will be required "to preserve minority rights, be equally populated, and consist of compact and contiguous territory." Further, state law will require that districts "not be drawn to discourage competition or to favor/disfavor candidates or parties." In prior redistricting cycles, authority for both congressional and state legislative redistricting was vested with the state legislature. An advisory commission participated in the process.[15]

    State law requires that state legislative districts be contiguous and compact. State legislative districts must also take into account the "historic and traditional significance of counties."[15]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in New York after the 2020 census

    New York enacted new State Assembly district boundaries on April 24, 2023, when Gov. Kathy Hochul (D) signed legislation establishing them for use starting with the 2024 elections.[16] The bill adopting the districts passed earlier that day in the State Assembly by a vote of 132-13, and it passed the state Senate by a vote of 59-1.[17][18] The original districts that were used for the 2022 elections remain in use until the next elections and the new districts adopted in 2023 will be used for state Assembly elections starting in 2024 until the state conducts redistricting after the 2030 census. The legislation's language states that "Vacancies in the Assembly will be filled using existing boundaries until January 1, 2025, at which time vacancies will be filled using the new boundaries."[19]

    The state redrew its Assembly district boundaries in response to a June 10, 2022, decision by the appellate division of the New York Supreme Court in Nichols v. Hochul.[20] That court upheld a lower court ruling that declared the state's Assembly district boundaries invalid but determined that they should still be used for the 2022 legislative elections since the lawsuit challenging them was filed too close to those elections for the courts to intervene.[21] The appellate division ruling determined that the Assembly district map was enacted in violation of the state's constitutional redistricting process and ordered a New York City-based state trial court to oversee the redrawing of boundaries for the 2024 elections.[21] On September 29, 2022, that trial court directed the IRC to "initiate the constitutional process for amending the assembly district map based on the 2020 census data by formulating a proposed assembly map" and submit such a plan to the legislature by April 28, 2023.[22]

    The New York State Independent Redistricting Commission (IRC) had voted 9-1 on April 20, 2023, to advance this plan and submit it to the legislature with the Commission stating in its cover letter that the plan "garnered the highest number of votes in support" at its meeting on that date.[23][24]

    According to Giulia Heyward and Jon Campbell at Gothamist, the new districts replaced "a nearly identical set of districts that were just put into place for last year’s races before a court threw them out."[25] Heyward and Campbell also wrote that "The commission had originally put forward a draft that would have made considerable changes before settling on a revised proposal last week mirroring the lines already in place."[25]

    Click here to view more information about Assembly districts enacted in 2023, including zoomable maps and links to detailed demographic statistics for each district.'

    State Senate districts
    On May 20, 2022, Justice Patrick McAllister ordered the adoption of a new state senate map drawn by redistricting special master Jonathan Cervas which took effect for New York's 2022 legislative elections.[26] On April 27, the New York Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, overturned a decision by the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court which overturned a lower court's ruling invalidating the legislature's state Senate boundaries.[27][28][29][20]

    District map after 2020 redistricting

    Click here to view the state Senate map enacted after 2020 redistricting. This map took effect for New York's 2022 legislative elections.

    2010

    See also: Redistricting in New York after the 2010 census

    New York received its 2010 census data on March 23, 2011. The state's growth rate was at 2.19%, which was below the national rate of 9.7%.[30] Redistricting became an issue in the state prior to the November 2010 elections. Going into the elections, the organization NY Uprising asked all candidates to sign a pledge to support nonpartisan redistricting during the following legislative session. A majority of those who won in both chambers signed the pledge.[31] Additionally, Gov. Andrew Cuomo (D) stated his pledge to veto any new maps that were not drawn through a nonpartisan process.[32]

    Following a number of delays, the Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment (LATFOR) released proposed Senate and Assembly maps on January 26, 2012. The Senate plan included an additional 63rd seat. Gov. Cuomo threatened to veto the maps.[33] On March 11, LATFOR filed a bill of their final plans, which closely resembled the maps they released two months earlier. Along with this, leaders offered a constitutional amendment that would set up a new bipartisan commission on redistricting following the next census in 2020.[34] Following a walkout of Senate Democrats, the bill passed. Later that week the constitutional amendment passed.[35] With the constitutional amendment approved, Gov. Cuomo signed the maps into law.[36]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the New York State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by the House and signed by the governor after its passage in the Senate. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in New York by year

    2024

    See also: 2024 New York legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 3, 2024, and adjourn on June 6, 2024.

    2023

    See also: 2023 New York legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 4, 2023, and adjourn on June 21, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in New York

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[48] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article III of the New York Constitution outlines the legislative power for New York's government. Article III does not limit when the New York State Legislature, which the Senate is a part of, can convene in regular session. However, Section 18 of Article III does contain provisions related to special sessions of the Legislature. Section 18 states that a special session can be called by a petition of request from two-thirds of both legislative houses. Since the Legislature is in session all year, a member must gavel in a session every three days. If a member does not gavel in a session, then only the governor can call the Legislature back into session.[49]

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, procedures for filling membership vacancies, and redistricting.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-Democratic Party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in New York are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 100 of the 150 members in the New York State Assembly and 42 of the 63 members in the New York State Senate. New York is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    Authority: Article IV, Section 7 of the New York Constitution.

    "Every bill which shall have passed the senate and assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor; if the governor approve, he or she shall sign it; but if not, he or she shall return it with his or her objections to the house in which it shall have originated, which shall enter the objections at large on the journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law notwithstanding the objections of the governor."

    Role in state budget

    See also: New York state budget and finances
    New York on Public Policy Logo-one line-on Ballotpedia.png
    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    New York operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[50]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies between August and September.
    2. State agencies submit budget requests in October and November.
    3. Agency hearings are held between October and November.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the New York State Legislature in mid-January. The deadline is February 1 in years following a gubernatorial election.
    5. The legislature adopts a budget in March. A simple majority is needed to pass a budget.
    6. The fiscal year begins in April.


    New York is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[50]

    The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget. In turn, the legislature is required by statute to pass a balanced budget.[50]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in New York state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The New York State Senate has 40 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the New York Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article XIX of the New York Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in New York
    New York Constitution
    Seal of New York.png
    Preamble
    Articles
    I • II • III • IV • V • VI • VII • VIII • IX • X • XI • XII • XIII • XIV • XV • XVI • XVII • XVIII • XIX • XX

    The New York Constitution can be amended through legislatively referred constitutional amendments or through constitutional conventions.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    A simple majority vote is required during two successive legislative sessions for the New York State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 126 votes in the New York State Assembly and 32 votes in the New York State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

    Convention

    See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

    According to Section 2 of Article XIX of the New York Constitution, a question about whether to hold a state constitutional convention is to automatically appear on the state's ballot every 20 years starting in 1957. New York is one of 14 states that provides for an automatic constitutional convention question.

    The table below shows the last and next constitutional convention question election years:

    State Interval Last question on the ballot Next question on the ballot
    New York 20 years 2017 2037



    2025 measures:

    See also: New York 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.

    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.

    See also: New York 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.

    No measures to list

    See also

    Elections New York State Government State Legislatures State Politics
    Ballotpedia Elections Badge-VOTE-no shadow-Square.jpg
    New York State Flag-Close Up.jpg
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ New York State Senate, "Senate Leadership List," accessed June 19, 2014
    2. ↑ New York Senate, "New York Constitution, Article XIII, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    3. ↑ New York Constitution, "Article III, Section 7," accessed February 2, 2023
    4. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
    5. ↑ New York Board of Elections, "2018 Political Calendar," accessed December 22, 2017
    6. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York State Senate 2012 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    7. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    8. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2008 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    9. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2006 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    10. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2004 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2002 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    12. ↑ Follow the Money, "New York Senate 2000 Campaign Contributions," accessed December 17, 2013
    13. ↑ FindLaw, "New York Consolidated Laws, Public Officers Law - PBO § 42. Filling vacancies in elective offices," accessed February 11, 2021 (Statute § 42 (4))
    14. ↑ FindLaw, "New York Consolidated Laws, Public Officers Law - PBO § 38. Terms of officers chosen to fill vacancies," accessed February 11, 2021 (Statute § 38)
    15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 All About Redistricting, "New York," accessed May 8, 2015
    16. ↑ Twitter, "@JonCampbellNY," April 24, 2023
    17. ↑ New York State Assembly, "Bill No. A06586 Summary," accessed April 27, 2023
    18. ↑ New York State Assembly, "4-24-23 SESSION," accessed April 27, 2023
    19. ↑ New York State Assembly, "Bill No. A06586 Summary," accessed April 27, 2023
    20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Supreme Court of the State of New York Appellate Division, First Judicial Department, Nichols et al., v. Hochul et al. June 10, 2022
    21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Gothamist, "Court tosses New York’s new Assembly district maps –but not for this year," June 10, 2022
    22. ↑ Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, "Nichols, et al. v. Hochul, et al.," September 29, 2022
    23. ↑ New York State Independent Redistricting Commission, "Assembly Plan 2023-Vote Tally," accessed April 27, 2023
    24. ↑ New York State Independent Redistricting Commission, "Assembly Plan 2023-Cover Letter," accessed April 27, 2023
    25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Gothamist, "NY Assembly Map: Meet your new district. Same as the old district.," April 24, 2023
    26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named adopt
    27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named finalover
    28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Apr21ruling
    29. ↑ Politico, "GOP judge throws out Democrats' redistricting plan in New York, setting up expected appellate fight," March 31, 2022
    30. ↑ Wall Street Journal, "New York State Loses 2 Seats in House," accessed December 22, 2010
    31. ↑ Auburn Pub, "Koch expects legislators to deliver on pledge," January 2, 2011
    32. ↑ New York Daily News, "State Senate Republicans mull adding extra seat to 62-member body," September 19, 2011
    33. ↑ New York Daily News, "Gov. Andrew Cuomo vows to veto Republicans' redistricting plan," January 26, 2012
    34. ↑ Syracuse.com, "New York releases its final redistricting maps for state Senate and Assembly districts," March 12, 2012
    35. ↑ Reuters, "New York lawmakers approve redistricting amendment," March 15, 2012
    36. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cong approved
    37. ↑ Ledger-Enquirer, "Wages, ethics, schools top issues facing NY lawmakers in '16," accessed January 6, 2016
    38. ↑ wamc.org, "Another NYS Legislative Session Underway... Lawmakers Ready To Tackle Issues," accessed January 21, 2014
    39. ↑ Vermont Public Radio, "New York Lawmakers Face Major Issues In 2015," accessed January 21, 2014
    40. ↑ Epoch Times, "After speech, Cuomo looks to get agenda approved," January 9, 2014
    41. ↑ Spokesman Review, "NY legislative leaders buckle down on gun controls," January 9, 2013
    42. ↑ Yahoo News, "NY seals 1st state gun laws since Newtown massacre," January 15, 2013
    43. ↑ uticaod.com, "Cuomo creates panel to investigate Legislature," July 2, 2013
    44. ↑ Moreland Commission, "Moreland Commission to Investigate Public Corruption Releases Report," December 2, 2013
    45. ↑ Poughkeepsie Journal, "Divisive issues to test Cuomo's popularity in 2nd year," January 9, 2012
    46. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    47. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 19, 2014(Archived)
    48. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    49. ↑ WXXI, "State Assembly is always in session," August 10, 2017
    50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
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