Missouri State Senate

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Missouri State Senate
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:   January 3, 2024
Session end:   May 10, 2024
Term length:   4 years
Term limits:   2 terms (8 years)
Redistricting:  Commission
Salary:   $37,711/year + per diem
Members
Total:  34
Democrats:  10
Republicans:  24
Other:  0
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
President:   Mike Kehoe (R)
Maj. Leader:   Cindy O'Laughlin (R)
Min. Leader:   John Rizzo (D)
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024

The Missouri State Senate is the upper chamber of the Missouri General Assembly. Alongside the Missouri House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Missouri state government and works alongside the governor of Missouri to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Missouri State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Missouri State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Jefferson City, Missouri.

  • Seventeen of the state Senate's 34 seats were up for election in 2022. There were no changes in partisan control as a result of the elections and Republicans maintained their 24-10 majority.
  • Seventeen of the chamber's 34 seats were up for election in 2020. The chamber's Republican supermajority decreased from 23-8 (with three vacancies) to 24-10.

  • Missouri has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

    • This page contains the following information on the Missouri State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Missouri State Senate as of January 2024:

    Party As of January 2024
         Democratic Party 10
         Republican Party 24
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 34

    Members

    Leadership

    The lieutenant governor serves as president of the Senate.[1]

    Leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Missouri State Senate District 1 Doug Beck Democratic January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 2 Nick Schroer Republican January 4, 2023
    Missouri State Senate District 3 Elaine Gannon Republican January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 4 Karla May Democratic 2019
    Missouri State Senate District 5 Steve Roberts Democratic January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 6 Mike Bernskoetter Republican 2019
    Missouri State Senate District 7 Greg Razer Democratic January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 8 Mike Cierpiot Republican 2018
    Missouri State Senate District 9 Barbara Anne Washington Democratic January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 10 Travis Fitzwater Republican January 4, 2023
    Missouri State Senate District 11 John Rizzo Democratic 2017
    Missouri State Senate District 12 Rusty Black Republican January 4, 2023
    Missouri State Senate District 13 Angela Mosley Democratic January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 14 Brian Williams Democratic 2019
    Missouri State Senate District 15 Andrew Koenig Republican 2017
    Missouri State Senate District 16 Justin Brown Republican 2019
    Missouri State Senate District 17 Lauren Arthur Democratic September 12, 2018
    Missouri State Senate District 18 Cindy O'Laughlin Republican 2019
    Missouri State Senate District 19 Caleb Rowden Republican 2017
    Missouri State Senate District 20 Curtis Trent Republican January 4, 2023
    Missouri State Senate District 21 Denny Hoskins Republican 2017
    Missouri State Senate District 22 Mary Coleman Republican January 4, 2023
    Missouri State Senate District 23 Bill Eigel Republican 2017
    Missouri State Senate District 24 Tracy McCreery Democratic January 4, 2023
    Missouri State Senate District 25 Jason Bean Republican January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 26 Ben Brown Republican January 4, 2023
    Missouri State Senate District 27 Holly Rehder Republican January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 28 Sandy Crawford Republican 2017
    Missouri State Senate District 29 Mike Moon Republican January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 30 Lincoln Hough Republican 2019
    Missouri State Senate District 31 Rick Brattin Republican January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 32 Jill Carter Republican January 4, 2023
    Missouri State Senate District 33 Karla Eslinger Republican January 6, 2021
    Missouri State Senate District 34 Tony Luetkemeyer Republican 2019


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2023
    SalaryPer diem
    $37,711/year$125.60/day

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Missouri legislators assume office the first day of the legislative session, which is the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January.[2][3]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    To be eligible to serve in the Missouri State Senate, a candidate must meet the following qualifications:[4]

    “
    • Citizen of the United States
    • Resident of the state 1 year next preceding election

    ...

    • At least 30 years of age
    • Qualified Missouri voter for 3 years before election
    • Resident of the district which he is chosen to represent for 1 year before election

    ...

    • Is not delinquent in the payment of any state income taxes, personal property taxes, municipal taxes, real property taxes on the place of residence as stated in the declaration of candidacy
    • Is not a past or present corporate officer of any fee office that owes any taxes to the state
    • Has not been found guilty of or pled guilty to a felony under the federal laws of the United States of America
    • Has not been found guilty of or pled guilty to a felony under the laws of this state or an offense committed in another state that would be considered a felony in this state

    ...

    • In addition to any other penalties provided by law, no person may file for any office in a subsequent election until he or the treasurer of his existing candidate committee has filed all required campaign disclosure reports for all prior elections[5]
    		 ”

    Historical party control

    Republicans won control of the Missouri State Senate in 2002. In 2022, they won a 24-10 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the Missouri Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Missouri State Senate election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 20[6] 19 19 18 17* 14 11 13 11 8 10 9 9 10 10 10
    Republicans 13 15 15 16 17 20 23 21 23 26 24 25 25 24 24 24
    Other 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    *Since no party had majority control, leadership of the chamber was split between the two parties.

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Missouri was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: 1993-2000,
    • Republican trifecta: 2005-2008, 2017-2023
    • Divided government: 1992, 2001-2004, 2009-2016

    Missouri Party Control: 1992-2024
    Eight years of Democratic trifectas  •  Twelve years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor R D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R
    Senate D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Missouri state senators serve staggered, four-year terms and half of the Senate is up for election every two years. Missouri holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2024

    See also: Missouri State Senate elections, 2024

    Elections for the Missouri State Senate will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024. A primary is August 6, 2024. The filing deadline is March 26, 2024.

    2022

    See also: Missouri State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the Missouri State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for August 2, 2022. The filing deadline was March 29, 2022.

    Heading into the 2022 elections, Republicans held a 24-10 majority in the Missouri State Senate. There were no changes in partisan control and Republicans maintained their 24-10 majority.

    Missouri State Senate
    Party As of November 8, 2022 After November 9, 2022
         Democratic Party 10 10
         Republican Party 24 24
    Total 34 34

    2020

    See also: Missouri State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Missouri State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for August 4, 2020. The filing deadline was March 31, 2020.

    Heading into the 2020 elections, Republicans held a 23-8 majority in the Missouri State Senate with three vacancies. Republicans gained one seat in the election, giving them a 24-10 majority.

    Missouri State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 8 10
         Republican Party 23 24
         Vacancy 3 0
    Total 34 34

    2018

    See also: Missouri State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the Missouri State Senate took place in 2018. The open primary election took place on August 7, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 27, 2018.[7]

    In the 2018 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the Missouri State Senate from 23-10 to 24-10.

    Missouri State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 10 10
         Republican Party 23 24
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 34 34

    2016

    See also: Missouri State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the Missouri State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election was held on August 2, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was March 29, 2016. A total of 18 seats out of the 34 seats in the Missouri State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 24-7 majority with three vacancies. Republicans gained one seat in the election, giving them a 25-9 majority.

    Missouri State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 7 9
         Republican Party 24 25
         Vacancy 3 0
    Total 34 34

    Term limits

    See also: State legislatures with term limits

    The Missouri legislature is one of 16 state legislatures with term limits. Voters enacted the Missouri Term Limits Act in 1992. That initiative said that Missouri senators are subject to term limits of no more than two four-year terms, or a total of eight years.[15]

    The first year that the 1992 term limits impacted the ability of incumbents to run for office was 2002.

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Missouri General Assembly, the governor of Missouri must call for a special election without delay. The election mandate is sent to the county or counties in the legislative district.[16]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Missouri Cons. Art. III, §14 and Missouri Rev. Stat. tit. III Ch. 21 §110

    District map

    See also: Missouri state legislative districts

    The state of Missouri has 197 legislative districts. Each district elects one representative. The state Senate has 34 districts and the state House has 163 districts.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.



    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Missouri

    In Missouri, congressional district boundaries are drawn by the state legislature. These lines are subject to veto by the governor.[17]

    Two distinct politician commissions are ultimately responsible for state legislative redistricting, one for the Missouri State Senate and another for the Missouri House of Representatives. Membership on these commissions is determined as follows:[17]

    1. Senate redistricting commission: The state committee of each major political party nominates 10 members to the commission, for a total of 20 nominees. From this pool, the governor selects five members per party, for a total of 10 commissioners.
    2. House redistricting commission: The congressional district committee of each major political party nominates two members per congressional district, for a total of 32 nominees. From this pool, the governor appoints one member per party per district, for a total of 16 commissioners.

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Missouri after the 2020 census

    Missouri completed its legislative redistricting on March 15, 2022, when the state’s Judicial Redistricting Commission filed new state Senate district boundaries with the secretary of state.[18] Missouri was the 43rd state to complete legislative redistricting. The House Independent Bipartisan Citizens Commission unanimously approved the state House’s district boundaries on Jan. 21.[19] These maps took effect for Missouri’s 2022 legislative elections.

    The Senate Independent Bipartisan Citizens Commission failed to submit proposed maps to the secretary of state's office by the December 23, 2021, deadline. Therefore, responsibility for developing Senate district boundaries was assumed by the Missouri Judicial Commission for Redistricting.[20] The judicial commission released their final plan and sent it to the secretary of state's office on March 15, 2022. The commission’s chair, Missouri Appeals Court Justice Cynthia Lynette Martin, said in a press release, "The Judicial Redistricting Commission’s work has been thorough and labor intensive, and was purposefully undertaken with the goal to file a constitutionally compliant plan and map well in advance of the commission’s constitutional deadline to avoid disenfranchising voters given the candidate filing deadline and the deadline for preparing ballots."[21] Scott Faughn of The Missouri Times wrote that "The biggest difference in this map and that previous map is that it shifts the weight of some of the districts from rural weighted districts to evenly split districts and even enhances the suburban influence inside several republican seats." He added, "the new map produces 7 solid democratic districts, and 3 likely democratic districts. On the republican side the new map produces 18 solid republican districts, and 3 more likely republican districts," with two competitive districts when the current incumbents no longer seek office.[22]

    The House Independent Bipartisan Citizens Commission unanimously approved new state House district boundaries on January 19, 2022. Fourteen of the commission's 20 members were required to approve the plan. If the commission was unable to agree on a redistricting plan by January 23, 2022, authority over the process would have transferred to the Missouri Judicial Commission for Redistricting.[23] In a press release issued after the map was finalized, commission chair Jerry Hunter said, "I want to personally thank all of the commissioners for the hard work that was put in by the commissioners and, obviously, as all of you know, the supporting individuals that have been instrumental to helping get this map done on both sides – on both the Democratic and Republican sides."[24] Rudi Keller of the Missouri Independent wrote, "Of the 163 districts..., there are 38 where Democrats should have the advantage, 97 where Republicans are dominant and 28 districts with past election results showing less than a 10% advantage for either party."[23]

    2010

    See also: Redistricting in Missouri after the 2010 census

    Missouri received its local census data on February 24, 2011. The state's population increased by seven percent, with most growth coming in the southern half of the state. The five most populous cities showed mixed outcomes: Kansas City's population grew by 4.1 percent, St. Louis' population decreased by 8.3 percent, Springfield's population grew by 5.2 percent, Independence's population grew by 3.1 percent, and Columbia's population grew by 28.4 percent.[25]

    The House and Senate bi-partisan redistricting commissions failed to agree on a new plan for Missouri's legislative districts, and the deadline for selecting a plan passed on August 18, 2011, resulting in a special court panel taking over.[26] On October 13, 2011, the judicial panel tasked with redrawing Missouri’s legislative districts heard public testimony, and the panel finalized the state's new legislative redistricting maps on November 30, 2011.[27][28] The Missouri Supreme Court overturned the state's Senate redistricting maps on January 17, 2012, and on January 31, 2012, Governor Jay Nixon (D) appointed a new commission for the sake of redrawing the Senate districts.[29][30] The commission approved a new plan on February 23, 2012, which was met with opposition and had a lawsuit filed against it. After hearing testimony and tweaking the map, the commission approved the map again on March 12, and the lawsuit was dropped.[31]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Missouri State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by the House and signed by the governor after its passage in the Senate. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Missouri by year

    2024

    See also: 2024 Missouri legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 3, 2024, and adjourn on May 10, 2024.

    2023

    See also: 2023 Missouri legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 4, 2023, and adjourn on May 12, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in Missouri

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[56] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article III of the Missouri Constitution establishes when the Missouri General Assembly, of which the Senate is a part is to meet. Section 20 of Article III states that the General Assembly shall convene its regular session on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January of each year. Section 20 requires the General Assembly to adjourn its regular session by May 30th.

    Section 20 of Article III also allows for a special session of the General Assembly to be convened by a joint proclamation of three-fourths of the members of both houses.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, term limits, procedures for filling membership vacancies, and redistricting.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-Republican Party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Missouri are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 109 of the 163 members in the Missouri House of Representatives and 23 of the 34 members in the Missouri State Senate. Missouri is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?

    According to Article III, Section 32 of the Missouri Constitution, the legislature shall automatically convene in a special veto session in September to consider overrides for any bill the governor vetoed less than six days before adjournment or after adjournment.

    Authority: Article III, Section 32 of the Missouri Constitution.

    "Every bill presented to the governor and returned with his objections shall stand as reconsidered in the house to which it is returned. If the governor returns any bill with his objections on or after the fifth day before the last day upon which a session of the general assembly may consider bills, the general assembly shall automatically reconvene on the first Wednesday following the second Monday in September for a period not to exceed ten calendar days for the sole purpose of considering bills returned by the governor. The objections of the governor shall be entered upon the journal and the house shall proceed to consider the question pending, which shall be in this form: “Shall the bill pass, the objections of the governor thereto notwithstanding? The vote upon this question shall be taken by yeas and nays and if two-thirds of the elected members of the house vote in the affirmative the presiding officer of that house shall certify that fact on the roll, attesting the same by his signature, and send the bill with the objections of the governor to the other house, in which like proceedings shall be had in relation thereto. The bill thus certified shall be deposited in the office of the secretary of state as an authentic act and shall become a law."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Missouri state budget and finances
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    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[57]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in July of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year.
    2. State agencies submit their budget requests to the governor by October 1.
    3. Agency hearings are held from January through April. Public hearings are held in January and February.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature no later than 30 days after the legislature convenes.
    5. The legislature is required to adopt a budget by the first Friday after the first Monday in May. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The fiscal year begins July 1.

    Missouri is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[57]

    The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget. The legislature is not required to pass a balanced budget, but the governor is required to sign one.[57]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Missouri state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Missouri State Senate has 22 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Missouri Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article XII of the Missouri Constitution and Laws governing the initiative process in Missouri

    The Missouri Constitution can be amended via three different paths—a citizen-initiated process, a legislative process, and a state constitutional convention.

    Initiative

    See also: Initiated constitutional amendment

    An initiated constitutional amendment is a citizen-initiated ballot measure that amends a state's constitution. There are 18 states that allow citizens to initiate constitutional amendments.

    In Missouri, the number of signatures required for an initiated constitutional amendment is based on the number of votes cast for governor in the state's most recent gubernatorial election. In two-thirds of Missouri's congressional districts, proponents must collect signatures equal to 8% of the gubernatorial vote for initiated constitutional amendments. A simple majority vote is required for voter approval.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    A simple majority vote is required during one legislative session for the Missouri General Assembly to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 82 votes in the Missouri House of Representatives and 18 votes in the Missouri State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

    Convention

    See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

    According to Section 3a of Article XII of the Missouri Constitution, a question about whether to hold a state constitutional convention is to automatically appear on the state's ballot every 20 years starting in 1942. Missouri is one of 14 states that provides for an automatic constitutional convention question.

    The table below shows the last and next constitutional convention question election years:

    State Interval Last question on the ballot Next question on the ballot
    Missouri 20 years 2022 2042



    2025 measures:

    See also: 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.

    No measures to list

    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.

    See also: Missouri 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
    Missouri Property Exemption Tax for Childcare Establishments AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 18Yes votes: 33 (100%)No votes: 0 (0%)Yes: 9; No: 0Yes: 24; No: 0
    House:Required: 82Yes votes: 91 (56.17%)No votes: 27 (16.66%)Yes: 21; No: 2Yes: 70; No: 25


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.

    No measures to list

    See also

    Elections Missouri State Government State Legislatures State Politics
    Ballotpedia Elections Badge-VOTE-no shadow-Square.jpg
    Missouri State Flag-Close Up.jpg
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Missouri State Senate, "Senate Leadership," accessed February 4, 2021
    2. ↑ Confirmed via email with the Missouri State Legislature on 7/6/2011
    3. ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "Missouri Constitution Article III, Section 20," accessed February 2, 2023
    4. ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "2022 Elected Officials Qualifications," accessed February 2, 2023
    5. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
    6. ↑ In 1992, one seat was held by a member from a minor party.
    7. ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "2018 Missouri Election Calendar," accessed July 13, 2017
    8. ↑ Follow the Money, "Missouri 2012 - Candidates," accessed August 4, 2014
    9. ↑ Follow the Money, "Missouri 2010 - Candidates," accessed August 4, 2014
    10. ↑ Follow the Money, "Missouri 2008 - Candidates," accessed August 4, 2014
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "Missouri 2006 - Candidates," accessed August 4, 2014
    12. ↑ Follow the Money, "Missouri 2004 - Candidates," accessed August 4, 2014
    13. ↑ Follow the Money, "Missouri 2002 - Candidates," accessed August 4, 2014
    14. ↑ Follow the Money, "Missouri 2000 - Candidates," accessed August 4, 2014
    15. ↑ termlimits.org, "State Legislative Term Limits," accessed February 4, 2021
    16. ↑ Missouri General Assembly, "Missouri Constitution," accessed February 4, 2021 (Article 3, Section 14)
    17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 All About Redistricting, "Missouri," accessed May 7, 2015
    18. ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "Final Senate Statewide Judicial Redistricting Commission Letter; March 15, 2022," accessed March 22, 2022
    19. ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "Final House Apportionment; January 20, 2022," accessed March 22, 2022
    20. ↑ 'Missouri Secretary of State, "Supreme Court Appointment for Judicial Commission for Redistricting," January 11, 2022
    21. ↑ Missouri Office of Administration, "Judicial Redistricting Commission Releases Tentative State Senate Redistricting Plan, Map," March 14, 2022
    22. ↑ The Missouri Times, "TWMP Column: New Senate map district by district," March 16, 2020
    23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Missouri Independent, "Bipartisan commission approves new Missouri House districts," January 20, 2022
    24. ↑ Missouri Office of Administration, "House Independent Bipartisan Citizens Commission Files Final Redistricting Plan with Secretary of State," January 24, 2022
    25. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Missouri's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting," February 24, 2011
    26. ↑ Ozarks First, "Commission Fails to Agree on Missouri House Redistricting Map," August 12, 2011
    27. ↑ KSDK, "State judicial panel considers redistricting plans," October 13, 2011
    28. ↑ The Columbia Daily Tribune, "State apportionment panel avoids Sunshine Law requirements," November 27, 2011
    29. ↑ Bloomberg, "Missouri Supreme Court Revives Congressional Redistricting Map Challenge," January 17, 2012
    30. ↑ Examiner.net, "Senate redistricting panel named," January 31, 2012
    31. ↑ Real Clear Politics, "Mo. Senate map opponents dismiss federal lawsuit," March 13, 2012
    32. ↑ KY3, "Coronavirus concerns disrupt work at state capitols, including Missouri," March 12, 2020
    33. ↑ Missouri House of Representatives, "Home page," accessed March 30, 2020
    34. ↑ Missouri State Senate, "Home page," accessed March 30, 2020
    35. ↑ The Kansas City Star, "Despite coronavirus, Missouri lawmakers will reconvene. Anyone heard of videoconferences?" April 3, 2020
    36. ↑ Multistate, "2020 Legislative Session Dates," last updated April 15, 2020
    37. ↑ Kansas City, "Republicans override veto of Missouri voter ID bill," accessed September 16, 2016
    38. ↑ Kansas City, "Missouri Republicans vote to override veto of gun bill," accessed September 16, 2016
    39. ↑ U.S. News & World Report, "Missouri Lawmakers Work to Override Vetoes," accessed September 16, 2016
    40. ↑ KBIA, "The 2016 Missouri legislative session starts Wednesday. Here’s what you need to know." January 6, 2016
    41. ↑ KMBC-TV, "Things to know for 2015 Missouri legislative session," January 6, 2015
    42. ↑ St. Louis Public Radio, "Student Transfers Top List Of Pre-Filed Education Bills Facing Legislators," December 29, 2014
    43. ↑ KQTV, "Missouri State Legislature Begins 2014 Session," January 8, 2014
    44. ↑ KSMU, "Tax Cuts, Student Transfers May Dominate Missouri Legislature's 2014 Session," January 9, 2014
    45. ↑ KSMU, "Missouri's Legislative Session 2014 Preview," January 6, 2014
    46. ↑ St. Louis Post-Dispatch, "Business issues at top of Republican legislative leaders' agenda in Missouri," January 5, 2013
    47. ↑ National Conference of State Legislators, "2011 Legislator Session Calendar," accessed June 5, 2012
    48. ↑ The Associated Press, "Mo. Legislature officially ends its 2012 session," May 30 2012 (dead link)
    49. ↑ St. Louis Beacon, "Missouri legislature opens, with last session's issues at top of agenda," January 4, 2012
    50. ↑ St. Louis Public Radio, "2012 Missouri legislative session ends," May 19, 2012
    51. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    52. ↑ STLtoday.com, Missouri Senate puts hold on economic development bill, Sept. 9, 2011
    53. ↑ The Missouri Budget Project, "FY 2012 Budget Approved with Additional Spending Reductions," June 24, 2011
    54. ↑ Missouri House of Representatives, "House Journals - 2010 Regular Session," accessed August 4, 2014
    55. ↑ Missouri State Senate, "Daily Journals," accessed August 4, 2014
    56. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
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