Georgia General Assembly
| Georgia General Assembly | |
 | |
| General information | |
| Type: | State legislature |
| Term limits: | None |
| Session start: | January 8, 2024 |
| Website: | Official Legislature Page |
| Leadership | |
| Senate President: | Burt Jones (R) |
| House Speaker: | Jon Burns (R) |
| Majority Leader: | Senate: Steve Gooch (R) House: Chuck Efstration (R) |
| Minority Leader: | Senate: Gloria Butler (D) House: James Beverly (D) |
| Structure | |
| Members: | 56 (Senate), 180 (House) |
| Length of term: | 2 years (Senate), 2 years (House) |
| Authority: | Art III, Section 4, Georgia Constitution |
| Salary: | $23,341.72/year + per diem |
| Elections | |
| Last election: | November 8, 2022 |
| Next election: | November 5, 2024 |
| Redistricting: | Georgia Legislature has control |
The Georgia General Assembly is the state legislature of Georgia. It is bicameral, being composed of the Georgia House of Representatives and the Georgia Senate.
Georgia has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.
Elections
2024
Elections for the Georgia State Senate will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024.
Elections for the Georgia House of Representatives will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024.
2022
Elections for the Georgia State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for May 24, 2022, and a primary runoff was scheduled for June 21, 2022. A general runoff election was scheduled for December 6, 2022. The filing deadline was March 11, 2022.
Elections for the Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for May 24, 2022, and a primary runoff was scheduled for June 21, 2022. A general runoff election was scheduled for December 6, 2022. The filing deadline was March 11, 2022.
2020
Elections for the office of Georgia State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 9, 2020, and a primary runoff was scheduled for August 11, 2020. A runoff election was scheduled for December 1, 2020. The filing deadline was March 6, 2020.
Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 9, 2020, and a primary runoff was scheduled for August 11, 2020. A runoff election was scheduled for December 1, 2020. The filing deadline was March 6, 2020.
2018
Elections for the Georgia State Senate took place in 2018. An open primary election took place on May 22, 2018, and a primary runoff election took place on July 24, 2018. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. A general election runoff was scheduled for December 4, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 9, 2018.[1]
Elections for the Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2018. An open primary election took place on May 22, 2018, and a primary runoff election took place on July 24, 2018. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. A general election runoff was scheduled for December 4, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 9, 2018.[2]
2016
Elections for the Georgia State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election took place on May 24, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was March 11, 2016.
Elections for the Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2016. The primary election took place on May 24, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was March 11, 2016.
2014
Elections for the Georgia State Senate took place in 2014. A primary election took place on May 20, 2014, with a runoff election taking place where necessary on July 22, 2014. The general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was March 7, 2014.
Elections for the Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2014. A primary election took place on May 20, 2014, with runoff elections taking place where necessary on July 22, 2014. The general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was March 7, 2014.
2012
Elections for the office of Georgia State Senate took place in 2012. The primary election was held on July 31, 2012, and the general election was held on November 6, 2012. The candidate filing deadline was May 25, 2012.
Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2012. The primary election was held on July 31, 2012, and the general election was held on November 6, 2012. The candidate filing deadline was May 25, 2012.
2010
Elections for the office of Georgia State Senate took place in 2010. The primary election was held on July 20, 2010, and the general election was held on November 2, 2010. The candidate filing deadline was June 21, 2010.
Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2010. The primary election was held on July 20, 2010, and the general election was held on November 2, 2010. The candidate filing deadline was June 21, 2010.
Sessions
Section 4 of Article III of the Georgia Constitution establishes when the General Assembly is to meet in regular session. The General Assembly must convene annually by the second Monday in January, and its sessions can last for only forty legislative days.[3] Prefiling begins November 15 and runs until the start of the session.
2024
- See also: 2024 Georgia legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions
In 2024, the legislature is scheduled to convene on January 8, 2024, and adjourn on March 28, 2024.
2023
In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 9, 2023, and adjourn on March 29, 2023.
| Click [show] for past years' session dates. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
2022In 2022, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 10, 2022, and adjourn on April 4, 2022. 2021In 2021, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 11, 2021, and adjourn on March 31, 2021. 2020In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 13, 2020, and adjourn on June 26, 2020.
Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The Georgia State Legislature suspended its session, effective March 14, 2020, through June 15, 2020. The legislature adjourned on June 26, 2020.[4][5] 2019In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 14, 2019, through April 2, 2019. 2018In 2018, the legislature was in session from January 8, 2018, through March 29, 2018. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here. 2017
In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 9, 2017, through March 31, 2017. 2016
In 2016, the legislature was in session from January 11 through March 24. 2015
In 2015, the legislature was in session from January 12 through April 2. Major issues in 2015Major issues during the 2015 legislative session included medical marijuana, driver's licenses for those with lawful alien status and another look at Sen. Joshua McKoon's (R) religious freedom bill that created controversy in the last session. Medical marijuana previously stalled in the legislature after the two chambers could not agree on a bill.[6] 2014
In 2014, the legislature was in session from January 13 through March 21. Major issues in 2014Major issues during the 2014 legislative session included moving up the state primary date to match the federal one, the state budget, and increases to K-12 education funding.[7] 2013
In 2013, the legislature was in session from January 14 to March 29. Major issues in 2013Major issues during the 2013 legislative session included juvenile-justice reform, regulation of coin-operated video games, ethics reform, and a budget that was previously facing a $700 million deficit.[8] In 2013, the legislature passed a bill that allows licensed gun owners to carry firearms into public places, including schools, bars, churches, government buildings, and elsewhere. The bill was signed by Governor Nathan Deal (R) in April 2014.[9] On May 9, 2014, a poll commissioned by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution showed that 59 percent of those surveyed disapproved of the law, although 57 percent of Georgia voters supported gun rights more generally, while 37 percent disagreed. The poll surveyed 1,012 Georgia adults.[10] 2012
In 2012, the legislature was in regular session from January 9 through March 29. 2011
In 2011, the legislature was in regular session from January 10 through April 14. Governor Nathan Deal (R) called the legislature into special session for August 15 to consider congressional and legislative redistricting plans based on the 2010 census.[11] 2010
In 2010, the legislature was in session from January 11th to April 29th. |
Role in state budget
- See also: Georgia state budget and finances
Georgia on 
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The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[12]
- In July of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year, the governor sends budget instructions to state agencies.
- In September, agencies submit their budget requests to the governor.
- Budget hearings are held with the public in January through February.
- In January, the governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature.
- The legislature adopts a budget in March or April, effective for the fiscal year beginning in July. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.
The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget to the legislature. In turn, the legislature must pass a balanced budget, and any budget signed into law by the governor must be balanced.[12]
Georgia is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[12]
History
The General Assembly, which is the legislative branch of the state's government, was created in 1777 during the American Revolution, making it older than the U.S. Congress. During its existence the Assembly has moved five different times as the state capital changed locations. The first location the Assembly served in was Savannah, then Augusta and Louisville, from there to Milledgeville and finally to Atlanta in 1868.[13]
The General Assembly in Savannah
By January of 1776, Savannah had become the capital of Georgia when the former colony declared independence from Britain. The legislature, a unicameral body, met there in 1777 and 1778 only to retreat to Augusta when the British captured the city. Yet, they were not settled long in that city when, in 1779, the British captured Augusta. The city of Augusta changed hands three times during the war, finally returning to American possession in July of 1781. They stayed in Augusta until May 1782 when the British left Savannah, thus allowing the legislature to return to the capital.[14]
Move to Augusta
Between 1783 and 1785, the Georgia General Assembly met in both Savannah and Augusta; the primary cause for the moves arose when tensions were created between the cities of Savannah and Augusta causing then Governor Lyman Hall to officially reside in both places. On February 22, 1785, the General Assembly held its last meeting in Savannah. Augusta had become the official capital because of pressure from the general populace to have their capital in the center of the state.[15]
On to Louisville
With the spread of the population, it was felt that Georgia's capital needed to move as well. A commission was appointed by the legislature in 1786 to find a place that was centrally located. The commission recommended Louisville, which would become Georgia's first planned capital and would hold her first capitol building. Due to the fact that the capital would have to be built from the ground up, and because of numerous construction delays, it took a decade to build the city. The name Louisville was chosen by the General Assembly in honor of King Louis XVI for France's aid during the Revolutionary War.
The new state house, a two-story 18th century Gregorian building of red brick, was completed in 1796. The Legislature designated Louisville the "permanent seat" of Georgia government. Yet, further western expansion created the need for another new state capital. The capitol building was purchased by Jefferson County and used as a courthouse, but the building had to be torn down because it became unsound. A plaque marks the location of the old Capitol.[16]
The Assembly arrives in Milledgeville
In 1804, the state government realized that yet another capital, would be needed. As a result, An act was passed which authorized a new capital city to be built on 3,240 acres in the area currently known as Baldwin County. The new city was named Milledgeville in honor of Governor John Milledge.
The new capitol building took two years to build. The capitol was a Gothic Revival style building made of brick. The legislature passed the Secession Act on January 19, 1861 and joined the Confederacy while serving in that capitol at Milledgeville. With General Sherman's approach, the members of the General Assembly adjourned in the fall of 1864, later reconvening briefly in Macon in 1865. As the American Civil War finally came to a close and with the federal government controlling Georgia’s government, the legislature reconvened at the Capitol in Milledgeville.[17]
Atlanta
In 1867, Major General John Pope, military governor of Georgia, called for an assembly in Atlanta to discuss a constitutional convention. It was at this time that Atlanta officials again moved to make the city Georgia's new state capital. The constitutional convention agreed and the people voted to ratify the decision on April 20, 1868. The Georgia General Assembly first presided in Atlanta on July 4, 1868.
In 1884 the legislature appropriated one million dollars to build a new state capitol. Construction began on October 26, 1884 and the building was completed and occupied on June 15, 1889.[18]
Partisan balance 1992-2013
Georgia State Senate: From 1992-2013, the Democratic Party was the majority in the Georgia State Senate for the first 11 years and the Republicans were the majority for the second 11 years. During the final nine years of the study, Georgia was under Republican trifectas.
Across the country, there were 541 Democratic and 517 Republican state senates from 1992 to 2013.
Georgia State House of Representatives: From 1992-2013, the Democratic Party was the majority in the Georgia State House of Representatives for the first 13 years and the Republicans were the majority for the last nine years. During the final nine years of the study, Georgia was under Republican trifectas.
Across the country, there were 577 Democratic and 483 Republican State Houses of Representatives from 1992 to 2013.
Over the course of the 22-year study, state governments became increasingly more partisan. At the outset of the study period (1992), 18 of the 49 states with partisan legislatures had single-party trifectas and 31 states had divided governments. In 2013, only 13 states had divided governments, while single-party trifectas held sway in 36 states, the most in the 22 years studied.
The chart below shows the partisan composition of the Office of the Governor of Georgia, the Georgia State Senate and the Georgia House of Representatives from 1992 to 2013.
.PNG)
SQLI and partisanship
- To read the full report on the State Quality of Life Index (SQLI) in PDF form, click here.
Georgia was one of eight states to demonstrate a dramatic partisan shift in the 22 years studied. A dramatic shift was defined by a movement of 40 percent or more toward one party over the course of the study period.
The chart below depicts the partisanship of the Georgia state government and the state's SQLI ranking for the years studied. For the SQLI, the states were ranked from 1-50, with 1 being the best and 50 the worst. Georgia experienced two long periods of trifecta government, both Democratic and Republican, between the years 1992 and 2002 (Democratic) and again between the years 2002 and 2013 (Republican). The state’s lowest SQLI ranking occurred in 1992 (40th) under a Democratic trifecta, while its highest SQLI ranking occurred in 2007 (20th) under a Republican trifecta. Georgia experienced only two years of divided government, in 2003 and 2004, when the state house was under Democratic control. The state experienced its largest jump in the SQLI ranking between 2000 and 2001 (from 33rd to 27th) under a Democratic trifecta.
- SQLI average with Democratic trifecta: 33.27
- SQLI average with Republican trifecta: 22.75
- SQLI average with divided government: 27.00
Legislators
Salaries
- See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
| State legislative salaries, 2023 | |
|---|---|
| Salary | Per diem |
| $23,341.72/year | $247/day. Set by the Legislative Services Committee. Vouchered. |
When sworn in
Georgia legislators assume office the second Monday in January.
Redistricting
- See also: Redistricting in Georgia
In Georgia, both congressional and state legislative district lines are drawn by the state legislature. A simple majority in each chamber is required to approve redistricting plans, which are subject to veto by the governor.[19]
The Georgia Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous. There are no similar requirements for congressional districts.[19][20]
2020
State legislative maps enacted in 2023
Governor Kemp (R) signed revised legislative maps into law on December 8, 2023. Legislators in the Georgia House of Representatives voted 98-71 to adopt the new congressional map on December 5. The Georgia State Senate voted 32-23 to adopt the congressional map on December 1. For more information about the enacted legislative maps, click here.[21][22]
On October 26, 2023, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled that the state's congressional and legislative district boundaries violated the Voting Rights Act and enjoined the state from using them for future elections.[23] The court directed the Georgia General Assembly to develop new maps by December 8, 2023.[23]
Reactions to 2023 state legislative maps
On December 20, 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District decided to uphold the maps enacted on November 30 and found them in compliance with the Voting Rights Act.
The plaintiffs from the October 26 case objected to the maps and asked the court to draw new voting districts in time for the 2024 congressional and legislative elections:[24]
| “ |
"The inescapable conclusion is that the proposed plans do not come close to following the court's order. Putting eyes on the 2023 proposed plans confirms the total failure of compliance. ... The General Assembly's attempt to minimize and zero out minority voting opportunity in a purported 'remedy' to the state's Section 2 violation is precisely the sort of gamesmanship Section 2 was meant to stamp out. ... The General Assembly's purported remedy makes a mockery of that process, the court's ruling and the Voting Rights Act, and reflects the state's continued refusal to afford minority voters equal opportunity to participate in electoral politics."[24][25] |
” |
State legislative maps enacted in 2021
On December 30, 2021, Governor Kemp (R) signed Georgia's Senate and House district maps into law. The state Senate approved its map on November 9, 2021, with a 34-21 vote followed by the state House voting 96-70 in favor on November 15, 2021.[26] The state House approved its map on Nov. 10 with a 99-79 vote followed by the state Senate voting 32-21 in favor on Nov. 12. These maps took effect for Georgia's 2022 state legislative elections.
Senate
The Georgia State Senate is the upper house of the Georgia General Assembly. According to the Georgia Constitution of 1983, this body is to be composed of no more than 56 members elected for two-year terms.
As of the 2020 Census, Georgia state senators represented an average of 191,523 residents. After the 2010 Census, each member represented 173,707 residents.
Current state law provides for 56 members. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years. The highest position in the Senate, after the President of the Senate, a position held by the Lieutenant Governor, is that of President Pro Tempore.
| Party | As of January 2024 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 23 | |
| Republican Party | 33 | |
| Other | 0 | |
| Vacancies | 0 | |
| Total | 56 | |
Click here for a list of members of this chamber.
Republicans won control of the Georgia State Senate in 2002. In 2022, they won a 33-23 majority.
The table below shows the partisan history of the Georgia Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.
Georgia State Senate election results: 1992-2022
| Year | '92 | '94 | '96 | '98 | '00 | '02 | '04 | '06 | '08 | '10 | '12 | '14 | '16 | '18 | '20 | '22 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democrats | 41 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 32 | 26 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
| Republicans | 15 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 36 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 35 | 34 | 33 |
Before 1992
Democrats had controlled the Georgia Senate since the end of the Civil War and Reconstruction.
House of Representatives
The Georgia House of Representatives is the lower house of the Georgia General Assembly. According to the Georgia Constitution of 1983, this body is to comprise no fewer than 180 members elected for two-year terms.
As of the 2020 Census, Georgia state representatives represented an average of 59,585 residents. After the 2010 Census, each member represented 54,042 residents.
Current state law provides for 180 members. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years.
| Party | As of January 2024 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 78 | |
| Republican Party | 102 | |
| Other | 0 | |
| Vacancies | 0 | |
| Total | 180 | |
Click here for a list of members of this chamber.
Republicans won control of the Georgia House of Representatives in 2004. In 2022, they won a 101-79 majority.
The table below shows the partisan history of the Georgia House following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.
Georgia House of Representatives election results: 1992-2022
| Year | '92 | '94 | '96 | '98 | '00 | '02 | '04 | '06 | '08 | '10 | '12 | '14 | '16 | '18 | '20 | '22 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democrats | 128 | 114 | 106 | 102 | 105 | 106 | 86 | 74 | 75 | 66 | 60 | 59 | 62 | 74 | 76 | 79 |
| Republicans | 52 | 66 | 74 | 78 | 74 | 73 | 94 | 106 | 105 | 113 | 119 | 120 | 118 | 106 | 103 | 101 |
Before 1992
Democrats had controlled the Georgia House since the end of the Civil War and Reconstruction.
District maps
State Senate
The map below shows this district's current boundaries, not those enacted as part of the 2020 redistricting cycle. To compare this map to the map in use for the 2022 elections, click here.
State House
The map below shows this district's current boundaries, not those enacted as part of the 2020 redistricting cycle. To compare this map to the map in use for the 2022 elections, click here.
Veto overrides
- See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures
State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Georgia are listed below.
How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.
| Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 120 of the 180 members in the Georgia House of Representatives and 38 of the 56 members in the Georgia State Senate. Georgia is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto. |
How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?
| Vetoes can be overridden in a special session called by the legislature.[27] Three-fifths of members in both chambers must agree to call for a special session.[28] |
Authority: Article III, Section 5, Paragraph XIII and Article V, Section 2, Paragraph IV of the Georgia Constitution.
| Article III: "If two-thirds of the members to which such house is entitled vote to override the veto of the Governor, the same shall be immediately transmitted to the other house where it shall be immediately considered. Upon the vote to override the veto by two thirds of the members to which such other house is entitled, such bill or resolution shall become law." Article V: "In the event the Governor vetoes any such bill or resolution, the General Assembly may, by a two-thirds' vote, override such veto as provided in Article III of this Constitution." |
Joint committees
- See also: Public policy in Georgia
The 2013 session had one joint committee:
The 2011 session had one joint committee:
Constitutional amendments
In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.
The methods in which the Georgia Constitution can be amended:
The Georgia Constitution provides two mechanisms for amending the state's constitution— a legislative process and a state constitutional convention. Georgia requires a simple majority vote (50% plus 1) for voters to approve constitutional amendments.
Legislature
A two-thirds (66.67%) vote is required during one legislative session for the Georgia State Legislature to place an amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 120 votes in the Georgia House of Representatives and 38 votes in the Georgia State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.
Convention
Georgia: According to Paragraph IV of Article X of the Georgia Constitution, a constitutional convention can occur in Georgia if a two-thirds majority of the members of both houses of the Georgia General Assembly agree to hold it. That agreement does not need to be put to a vote of the people.[29]
2025 measures:
- See also: 2025 ballot measures
Certified:
- The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
No measures to list
Potential:
- The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.
No measures to list
2024 measures:
Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.
- See also: Georgia 2024 ballot measures
Certified:
- The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
No measures to list
Potential:
- The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.
No measures to list
See also
| Elections | Georgia State Government | State Legislatures | State Politics |
|---|---|---|---|
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External links
Footnotes
- ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "2018 Elections and voter registration calendar," accessed July 25, 2017
- ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "2018 Elections and voter registration calendar," accessed July 25, 2017
- ↑ Justia, "Georgia Constitution," accessed April 21, 2015(Article III, Section 4)
- ↑ Twitter, "Thomas Wheatley on March 12, 2020," accessed March 12, 2020
- ↑ WALB News 10, "Latest Georgia news, sports, business and entertainment at 9:20 p.m. EDT," May 12, 2020
- ↑ WRBL, "A preview of the 2015 Georgia legislative session," January 16, 2015
- ↑ onlineathens.com, "Budget, education among top Georgia legislative issues," January 12, 2014
- ↑ onlineathens.com, "Some win, some lose in Georgia legislative session," May 30, 2013
- ↑ The Hill, "Ga. governor signs sweeping gun rights bill," April 23, 2014
- ↑ Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "New AJC poll shows voters disapprove of Georgia’s new gun law," May 9, 2014
- ↑ ncsl.org, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed April 21, 2015
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
- ↑ The Capitalization of Georgia http://sos.state.ga.us," accessed February 5, 2007
- ↑ The Capitalization of Georgia http://sos.state.ga.us," accessed February 5, 2007
- ↑ The Capitalization of Georgia http://sos.state.ga.us," accessed February 5, 2007
- ↑ The Capitalization of Georgia http://sos.state.ga.us," accessed February 5, 2007
- ↑ The Capitalization of Georgia http://sos.state.ga.us," accessed February 5, 2007
- ↑ The Capitalization of Georgia http://sos.state.ga.us," accessed February 5, 2007
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 All About Redistricting, "Georgia," accessed April 23, 2015
- ↑ Georgia Constitution, "Article 3, Section 2," accessed April 23, 2015
- ↑ Georgia General Assembly, "Legislative and Congressional Reapportionment Office - Proposed Plans," accessed December 11, 2023
- ↑ Twitter, "RedistrictNet," December 7, 2023
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Reuters, "US judge orders new congressional map in Georgia, citing harm to Black voters," October 27,, 2023
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgpb - ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Georgia General Assembly, "SB 1EX," accessed Nov. 16, 2021
- ↑ 11 Alive, "Lawmakers: No special session for veto override, please," March 31, 2016
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Special Sessions," May 6, 2009
- ↑ Georgia constitutional convention provisions
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