Georgia House of Representatives
Georgia House of Representatives | |
General Information | |
Party control: | Republican |
Session start: | January 8, 2024 |
Session end: | March 28, 2024 |
Term length: | 2 years |
Term limits: | None |
Redistricting: | Legislature-dominant |
Salary: | $17,342/year + per diem |
Members | |
Total: | 180 |
Democrats: | 78 |
Republicans: | 102 |
Other: | 0 |
Vacancies: | 0 |
Leadership | |
Speaker: | Jon Burns (R) |
Maj. Leader: | Chuck Efstration (R) |
Min. Leader: | James Beverly (D) |
Elections | |
Last election: | November 8, 2022 |
Next election: | November 5, 2024 |
The Georgia House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Georgia General Assembly. Alongside the Georgia State Senate, it forms the legislative branch of the Georgia state government and works alongside the governor of Georgia to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Georgia House of Representatives include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.
The Georgia House of Representatives meets in the state capitol building in Atlanta, Georgia.
Georgia has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature. |
This page contains the following information on the Georgia House of Representatives.
- Which party controls the chamber
- The chamber's current membership
- Partisan control of the chamber over time
- Elections in the chamber and how vacancies are filled
- A district map
- How redistricting works in the state
- Legislation currently under consideration
- Legislative session dates
- Legislative procedures, such as veto overrides and the state budget process
- A list of committees
Party control
Current partisan control
The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Georgia House of Representatives as of January 2024:
Party | As of January 2024 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 78 | |
Republican Party | 102 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 180 |
Members
Leadership
The House of Representatives elects its own speaker as well as a speaker pro tempore. In addition, there is a clerk of the House who is charged with overseeing the flow of legislation through the body. The speaker pro tempore becomes speaker in cases of the death, resignation, or permanent disability of the speaker. In such cases, the speaker pro tempore serves until a new speaker is elected.[1]
Leadership and members
- Speaker of the House: Jon Burns (R)
- Majority leader: Chuck Efstration (R)
- Minority leader: James Beverly (D)
Salaries
- See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
State legislative salaries, 2023 | |
---|---|
Salary | Per diem |
$23,341.72/year | $247/day. Set by the Legislative Services Committee. Vouchered. |
Swearing in dates
Georgia legislators assume office the second Monday in January.[2]
Membership qualifications
Paragraph 3 of Section 2 of Article 3 of the Georgia Constitution states, "At the time of their election, the members of the House of Representatives shall be citizens of the United States, shall be at least 21 years of age, shall have been citizens of this state for at least two years, and shall have been legal residents of the territory embraced within the district from which elected for at least one year."[3]
Historical party control
Republicans won control of the Georgia House of Representatives in 2004. In 2022, they won a 101-79 majority.
The table below shows the partisan history of the Georgia House following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.
Georgia House of Representatives election results: 1992-2022
Year | '92 | '94 | '96 | '98 | '00 | '02 | '04 | '06 | '08 | '10 | '12 | '14 | '16 | '18 | '20 | '22 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democrats | 128 | 114 | 106 | 102 | 105 | 106 | 86 | 74 | 75 | 66 | 60 | 59 | 62 | 74 | 76 | 79 |
Republicans | 52 | 66 | 74 | 78 | 74 | 73 | 94 | 106 | 105 | 113 | 119 | 120 | 118 | 106 | 103 | 101 |
Before 1992
Democrats had controlled the Georgia House since the end of the Civil War and Reconstruction.
Trifecta history
A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Georgia was under the following types of trifecta control:
- Democratic trifecta: 1992-2002
- Republican trifecta: 2005-2023
- Divided government: 2003-2004
Georgia Party Control: 1992-2024
Eleven years of Democratic trifectas • Twenty years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
House | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Elections
Elections by year
Georgia state representatives serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years. Georgia holds elections for its legislature in even years.
2024
Elections for the Georgia House of Representatives will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024.
2022
Elections for the Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for May 24, 2022, and a primary runoff was scheduled for June 21, 2022. A general runoff election was scheduled for December 6, 2022. The filing deadline was March 11, 2022.
In the 2022 elections, the Republican majority in the Georgia House of Representatives decreased from 103-75 with two vacancies to 98-79 with three vacancies.[4]
Georgia House of Representatives | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | As of November 8, 2022 | After November 9, 2022 | |
Democratic Party | 75 | 79 | |
Republican Party | 103 | 98 | |
Vacancy | 2 | 3 | |
Total | 180 | 180 |
2020
Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 9, 2020, and a primary runoff was scheduled for August 11, 2020. A runoff election was scheduled for December 1, 2020. The filing deadline was March 6, 2020.
In the 2020 elections, the Republican majority in the Georgia House of Representatives decreased from 104-75 to 103-76 with one vacancy.
Georgia House of Representatives | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | As of November 3, 2020 | After November 4, 2020 | |
Democratic Party | 75 | 76 | |
Republican Party | 104 | 103 | |
Vacancy | 1 | 1 | |
Total | 180 | 180 |
2018
Elections for the Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2018. An open primary election took place on May 22, 2018, and a primary runoff election took place on July 24, 2018. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. A general election runoff was scheduled for December 4, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 9, 2018.[5]
In the 2018 elections, the Republican majority in the Georgia House of Representatives was reduced from 114-64 to 105-75.
Georgia House of Representatives | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | As of November 6, 2018 | After November 7, 2018 | |
Democratic Party | 64 | 75 | |
Republican Party | 114 | 105 | |
Vacancy | 2 | 0 | |
Total | 180 | 180 |
2016
Elections for the Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2016. The primary election took place on May 24, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was March 11, 2016. All 180 seats in the Georgia House of Representatives were up for election in 2016.
Heading into the election, Republicans held a 116-61 majority with two vacancies. Democrats gained one seat in the general election. Republicans reclaimed two seats left vacant prior to the election, giving them a 118-62 majority.
Georgia House of Representatives | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | As of November 7, 2016 | After November 8, 2016 | |
Democratic Party | 61 | 62 | |
Republican Party | 116 | 118 | |
Independent | 1 | 0 | |
Vacancy | 2 | 0 | |
Total | 180 | 180 |
Click [show] to see election information dating back to 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2014Elections for the Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2014. A primary election took place on May 20, 2014, with runoff elections taking place where necessary on July 22, 2014. The general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was March 7, 2014. All 180 House seats were up for election in 2014. Heading into the election, Republicans held a 118-60 majority with one vacancy. Republicans gained two seats in the election, giving them a 120-59 majority.
2012Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2012. The primary election was held on July 31, 2012, and the general election was held on November 6, 2012. The candidate filing deadline was May 25, 2012. All 180 House seats were up for election in 2012. Heading into the election, Republicans held a 114-63 majority with two vacancies. Republicans gained five seats in the election, giving them a 119-60 majority.
The table below details the 10 districts with the smallest margin of victory in the November 6 general election in 2012.
2010Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives took place in 2010. The primary election was held on July 20, 2010, and the general election was held on November 2, 2010. The candidate filing deadline was June 21, 2010. All 180 House seats were up for election in 2010. Heading into the election, Republicans held a 103-73 majority with three vacancies. Republicans gained 10 seats in the election, giving them a 113-66 majority.
2008Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives consisted of a primary election on July 15, 2008, and a general election on November 4, 2008. All 180 House seats were up for election in 2008. During the 2008 election, the total value of contributions to House candidates was $12,277,303. The top 10 contributors were:[7]
2006Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives consisted of a primary election on July 19, 2006, and a general election on November 7, 2006. All 180 House seats were up for election in 2006. During the 2006 election, the total value of contributions to House candidates was $15,007,813. The top 10 contributors were:[8]
2004Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives consisted of a primary election on July 20, 2004, and a general election on November 2, 2004. All 180 House seats were up for election in 2004. During the 2004 election, the total value of contributions to House candidates was $15,667,776. The top 10 contributors were:[9]
2002Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives consisted of a primary election on August 20, 2002, and a general election on November 5, 2002. All 180 House seats were up for election in 2002. During the 2002 election, the total value of contributions to House candidates was $13,026,625. The top 10 contributors were:[10]
2000Elections for the office of Georgia House of Representatives consisted of a primary election on July 18, 2000, and a general election on November 7, 2000. All 180 House seats were up for election in 2000. During the 2000 election, the total value of contributions to House candidates was $9,462,955. The top 10 contributors were:[11]
|
Vacancies
If there is a vacancy in the Georgia General Assembly, the vacant seat must be filled by a special election. The governor must declare a special election no later than 10 days after the vacancy happens. The election must be held no less than 30 days and no later than 60 days after the governor calls for the election. The counties representing the vacant district are responsible for conducting the election.[12]
See sources: Georgia Code § 21-2-544
District map
- See also: Georgia state legislative districts
The state of Georgia has 180 state House districts. Each district elects one representative.
Use the interactive map below to find your district.
The map below shows this district's current boundaries, not those enacted as part of the 2020 redistricting cycle. To compare this map to the map in use for the 2022 elections, click here.
Redistricting
- See also: Redistricting in Georgia
In Georgia, both congressional and state legislative district lines are drawn by the state legislature. A simple majority in each chamber is required to approve redistricting plans, which are subject to veto by the governor.[13]
The Georgia Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous. There are no similar requirements for congressional districts.[13][14]
2020
Governor Kemp (R) signed revised legislative maps into law on December 8, 2023. Legislators in the Georgia House of Representatives voted 98-71 to adopt the new congressional map on December 5. The Georgia State Senate voted 32-23 to adopt the congressional map on December 1. For more information about the enacted legislative maps, click here.[15][16]
On October 26, 2023, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled that the state's congressional and legislative district boundaries violated the Voting Rights Act and enjoined the state from using them for future elections.[17] The court directed the Georgia General Assembly to develop new maps by December 8, 2023.[17]
District map after 2020 redistricting
A detailed image of the House district map can be found here. This map took effect for Georgia's 2022 legislative elections.
2010
On March 16, 2011, the Census Bureau shipped Georgia's local census data to the governor and legislative leaders. The census data showed that the state's population had increased 18.3% between 2000 and 2010, growing to over 9.7 million residents. On August 12, 2011, Republicans released their legislative redistricting plans, and on August 16, 2011, both legislative redistricting plans cleared the House and Senate redistricting committees. The House and Senate approved their respective redistricting plans on August 18. Both chambers approved the other's plan on August 23, with the Senate voting 36-16 to approve, and the House voting 104-56 to approve.[18][19] Governor Nathan Deal signed the maps into law on August 24, 2011, and the Department of Justice pre-cleared the maps on December 23, 2011.
Sessions
Legislation
The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Georgia House of Representatives has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the House to the Senate and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.
Dates of legislative sessions in Georgia by year
2024
- See also: 2024 Georgia legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions
In 2024, the legislature is scheduled to convene on January 8, 2024, and adjourn on March 28, 2024.
2023
In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 9, 2023, and adjourn on March 29, 2023.
Click [show] for past years' session dates. | |||
---|---|---|---|
2022In 2022, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 10, 2022, and adjourn on April 4, 2022. 2021In 2021, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 11, 2021, and adjourn on March 31, 2021. 2020In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 13, 2020, and adjourn on June 26, 2020.
Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The Georgia State Legislature suspended its session, effective March 14, 2020, through June 15, 2020. The legislature adjourned on June 26, 2020.[20][21] 2019In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 14, 2019, through April 2, 2019. 2018In 2018, the legislature was in session from January 8, 2018, through March 29, 2018. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here. 2017
In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 9, 2017, through March 31, 2017. 2016
In 2016, the legislature was in session from January 11 through March 24. 2015
In 2015, the legislature was in session from January 12 through April 2. Major issues in 2015Major issues during the 2015 legislative session included medical marijuana, driver's licenses for those with lawful alien status and another look at Sen. Joshua McKoon's (R) religious freedom bill that created controversy in the last session. Medical marijuana previously stalled in the legislature after the two chambers could not agree on a bill.[22] 2014
In 2014, the legislature was in session from January 13 through March 21. Major issues in 2014Major issues during the 2014 legislative session included moving up the state primary date to match the federal one, the state budget, and increases to K-12 education funding.[23] 2013
In 2013, the legislature was in session from January 14 to March 29. Major issues in 2013Major issues during the 2013 legislative session included juvenile-justice reform, regulation of coin-operated video games, ethics reform, and a budget that was previously facing a $700 million deficit.[24] In 2013, the legislature passed a bill that allows licensed gun owners to carry firearms into public places, including schools, bars, churches, government buildings, and elsewhere. The bill was signed by Governor Nathan Deal (R) in April 2014.[25] On May 9, 2014, a poll commissioned by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution showed that 59 percent of those surveyed disapproved of the law, although 57 percent of Georgia voters supported gun rights more generally, while 37 percent disagreed. The poll surveyed 1,012 Georgia adults.[26] 2012
In 2012, the legislature was in regular session from January 9 through March 29. 2011
In 2011, the legislature was in regular session from January 10 through April 14. Governor Nathan Deal (R) called the legislature into special session for August 15 to consider congressional and legislative redistricting plans based on the 2010 census.[27] 2010
In 2010, the legislature was in session from January 11th to April 29th. |
About legislative sessions in Georgia
The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[28] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.
Section 4 of Article III of the Georgia Constitution establishes when the Georgia General Assembly, which the House is a part of, is to meet in regular session. The General Assembly must convene annually by the second Monday in January, and its sessions can last for only forty legislative days.[29]
Legislative roles and procedures
Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.
Veto overrides
- See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures
State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Georgia are listed below.
How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.
Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 120 of the 180 members in the Georgia House of Representatives and 38 of the 56 members in the Georgia State Senate. Georgia is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto. |
How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?
Vetoes can be overridden in a special session called by the legislature.[30] Three-fifths of members in both chambers must agree to call for a special session.[31] |
Authority: Article III, Section 5, Paragraph XIII and Article V, Section 2, Paragraph IV of the Georgia Constitution.
Article III: "If two-thirds of the members to which such house is entitled vote to override the veto of the Governor, the same shall be immediately transmitted to the other house where it shall be immediately considered. Upon the vote to override the veto by two thirds of the members to which such other house is entitled, such bill or resolution shall become law." Article V: "In the event the Governor vetoes any such bill or resolution, the General Assembly may, by a two-thirds' vote, override such veto as provided in Article III of this Constitution." |
Role in state budget
- See also: Georgia state budget and finances
Georgia on |
The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[32]
- In July of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year, the governor sends budget instructions to state agencies.
- In September, agencies submit their budget requests to the governor.
- Budget hearings are held with the public in January through February.
- In January, the governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature.
- The legislature adopts a budget in March or April, effective for the fiscal year beginning in July. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.
The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget to the legislature. In turn, the legislature must pass a balanced budget, and any budget signed into law by the governor must be balanced.[32]
Georgia is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[32]
Committees
Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.
- Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
- Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
- Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.
Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Georgia House of Representatives has 39 standing committees:
- Banks and Banking Committee
- Budget and Fiscal Affairs Oversight Committee
- Code Revision Committee
- Committee on Technology and Infrastructure Innovation
- Creative Arts & Entertainment Committee
- Defense and Veterans Affairs Committee
- Education Committee
- Energy, Utilities and Telecommunications Committee
- Game, Fish, and Parks Committee
- Governmental Affairs Committee
- House Agriculture and Consumer Affairs Committee
- House Appropriations Committee
- House Economic Development and Tourism Committee
- House Ethics Committee
- House Health and Human Services Committee
- House Higher Education Committee
- House Interstate Cooperation Committee
- House Judiciary Committee
- House Retirement Committee
- House Rules Committee
- House Science and Technology Committee
- House Transportation Committee
- Human Relations and Aging Committee
- Industry and Labor Committee
- Information and Audits Committee
- Insurance Committee
- Intragovernmental Coordination Committee
- Judiciary - Non-Civil Committee
- Juvenile Justice Committee
- Legislative and Congressional Reapportionment Committee
- Motor Vehicles Committee
- Natural Resources and Environment Committee
- Public Safety and Homeland Security Committee
- Regulated Industries Committee
- Small Business Development Committee
- Special Rules Committee
- State Planning and Community Affairs Committee
- State Properties Committee
- Ways and Means Committee
Constitutional amendments
In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.
The methods in which the Georgia Constitution can be amended:
The Georgia Constitution provides two mechanisms for amending the state's constitution— a legislative process and a state constitutional convention. Georgia requires a simple majority vote (50% plus 1) for voters to approve constitutional amendments.
Legislature
A two-thirds (66.67%) vote is required during one legislative session for the Georgia State Legislature to place an amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 120 votes in the Georgia House of Representatives and 38 votes in the Georgia State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.
Convention
Georgia: According to Paragraph IV of Article X of the Georgia Constitution, a constitutional convention can occur in Georgia if a two-thirds majority of the members of both houses of the Georgia General Assembly agree to hold it. That agreement does not need to be put to a vote of the people.[33]
2025 measures:
- See also: 2025 ballot measures
Certified:
- The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
No measures to list
Potential:
- The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.
No measures to list
2024 measures:
Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.
- See also: Georgia 2024 ballot measures
Certified:
- The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
No measures to list
Potential:
- The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.
No measures to list
See also
Elections | Georgia State Government | State Legislatures | State Politics |
---|---|---|---|
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "Constitution of the State of Georgia," accessed February 12, 2021
- ↑ Georgia Constitution, "Article III, Section IV, Paragraph I," accessed February 12, 2021
- ↑ Just, "Constitution of the State of Georgia," accessed February 10, 2023
- ↑ Representative Sam Watson (R) and Representative-elect Danny Rampey (R) resigned before the 2023 legislative session. Representatives Henry Howard (D) and David Ralston (R) won re-election but passed away. Howard's seat was filled in a special election before the 2023 session.
- ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "2018 Elections and voter registration calendar," accessed July 25, 2017
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia House 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed April 21, 2015
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia 2008 Candidates," accessed July 17, 2013
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia 2006 Candidates," accessed July 17, 2013
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia 2004 Candidates," accessed July 17, 2013
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia 2002 Candidates," accessed July 17, 2013
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia 2000 Candidates," accessed July 17, 2013
- ↑ The State of Georgia, "Official Code of Georgia," accessed May 22, 2014 (Statute 21-2-544)
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 All About Redistricting, "Georgia," accessed April 23, 2015
- ↑ Georgia Constitution, "Article 3, Section 2," accessed April 23, 2015
- ↑ Georgia General Assembly, "Legislative and Congressional Reapportionment Office - Proposed Plans," accessed December 11, 2023
- ↑ Twitter, "RedistrictNet," December 7, 2023
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Reuters, "US judge orders new congressional map in Georgia, citing harm to Black voters," October 27,, 2023
- ↑ Times-Herald, "Redistricting maps pass both House and Senate," August 19, 2011
- ↑ Atlanta Business Chronicle, "Ga. lawmakers finalize new legislative district lines," August 23, 2011
- ↑ Twitter, "Thomas Wheatley on March 12, 2020," accessed March 12, 2020
- ↑ WALB News 10, "Latest Georgia news, sports, business and entertainment at 9:20 p.m. EDT," May 12, 2020
- ↑ WRBL, "A preview of the 2015 Georgia legislative session," January 16, 2015
- ↑ onlineathens.com, "Budget, education among top Georgia legislative issues," January 12, 2014
- ↑ onlineathens.com, "Some win, some lose in Georgia legislative session," May 30, 2013
- ↑ The Hill, "Ga. governor signs sweeping gun rights bill," April 23, 2014
- ↑ Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "New AJC poll shows voters disapprove of Georgia’s new gun law," May 9, 2014
- ↑ ncsl.org, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed April 21, 2015
- ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
- ↑ Justia, "Georgia Constitution," accessed April 21, 2015(Article III, Section 4)
- ↑ 11 Alive, "Lawmakers: No special session for veto override, please," March 31, 2016
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Special Sessions," May 6, 2009
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
- ↑ Georgia constitutional convention provisions
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