Election administration in Rhode Island

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Election Information
Voter registration
Early voting
Absentee/mail-in voting
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Select a state from the menu below to learn more about its election administration.

Election administration encompasses a state's voting policies and methods of enforcing them. These include voter identification requirements, early and absentee voting provisions, voter list maintenance methods, and more. Each state's voting policies dictate who can vote and under what conditions.

THE BASICS
  • Rhode Island permits online voter registration and early voting.
  • Rhode Island permits no-excuse absentee voting.
  • In Rhode Island, polls are open from 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.
  • Rhode Island requires photo identification to vote.
  • Rhode Island holds semi-closed primary elections.
  • Rhode Island has tools for verifying voter registration and checking the status of absentee and provisional ballots.


    • Below, you will find details on the following election administration topics in Rhode Island:

    Poll times

    See also: State poll opening and closing times

    While most polls in Rhode Island open at 7 a.m. Eastern Time, certain municipalities may opt to open their polls later. In New Shoreham, for example, polls open at 9 a.m. Eastern Time. All polls statewide close at 8 p.m. Eastern Time. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[2]

    Voter registration

    Check your voter registration status here.

    To register to vote in Rhode Island, an applicant must be a citizen of the United States, a resident of Rhode Island, and at least 16 years old. To voter, one must be at least 18 years old by Election Day.[3] Applicants can register online, by mailing in a voter registration form, or in person at the local board of canvassers or other state agencies such as the Department of Motor Vehicles, Department of Human Services, or the Department of Mental Health.[3]

    Automatic registration

    See also: Automatic voter registration

    Rhode Island enacted automatic voter registration in 2017.[4]

    Online registration

    See also: Online voter registration

    Rhode Island has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.

    Same-day registration

    See also: Same-day voter registration
    “ Rhode Island allows for same day voter registration for the Presidential Election only. If you miss the voter registration deadline, you can register to vote on Election Day, but you will only be able to vote for President and Vice President. You will not be able to vote in any state, local, or other federal races. You can only register and vote on Election Day at the location designated by your local board of canvassers.[3][5] ”

    Residency requirements

    To register to vote in Rhode Island, you must be a resident of the state.

    Verification of citizenship

    See also: Laws permitting noncitizens to vote in the United States

    Rhode Island does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration.

    Verifying your registration

    The Rhode Island Department of State allows residents to check their voter registration status online by visiting this website.


    Early and absentee voting policy

    Early voting

    See also: Early voting

    Rhode Island permits early voting. Learn more by visiting this website.

    Absentee voting

    See also: Absentee voting

    All Rhode Island voters are eligible to vote absentee/by mail.[6]

    Absentee ballot applications must be received by your local board of canvassers by 4 p.m. 21 days prior to the election. Completed absentee ballots must then be received by your local board of canvassers by 8 p.m. on Election Day. Should circumstances arise within 20 days of an election that will prevent a voter from making it to the polls on Election Day, he or she may qualify for an emergency mail ballot. More information regarding the emergency mail ballot process can be found here.[6][7][8]

    Returning absentee ballots

    See also: Mail ballot collection and return laws by state

    All voters are eligible to vote by mail in Rhode Island. For a ballot to be counted, the local board of canvassers must receive it by 8 p.m. on Election Day.[6]

    According to Rhode Island's voter information website, voters must complete a Voter's Mail Ballot Certificate when they vote by mail, using the following instructions:

    “
    • Insert voted ballot into Voter’s Mail Ballot Certificate (smaller envelope).
    • Print your name.
    • Provide a telephone number in case there are questions pertaining to your Voter’s Mail Ballot Certificate.
    • Sign your name. The signature on your Mail Ballot Certificate envelope will be compared to the signature on your mail ballot application.[6][5]
    		 ”

    Rhode Island's laws do not specify who is allowed to return absentee ballots.

    Signature requirements and cure provisions

    In Rhode Island, a voter's signature on an absentee/mail ballot application is compared with his or her signature in the voter registration system. The absentee/mail ballot includes a Voter’s Mail Ballot Certificate that the voter must sign. Once it is returned to the local board of canvassers along with the completed ballot, this signature is compared with the one from the voter's ballot application. Rhode Island does not define a process by which a ballot can be cured or corrected in the case of missing or mismatched signatures.[6][9]

    Was your absentee ballot counted?

    Use the Ballotrax website provided by the Rhode Island secretary of state's office to check the status of your absentee ballot.

    Voter identification requirements

    See also: Voter ID in Rhode Island
    See also: Voter identification laws by state

    Rhode Island requires voters to present photo identification (ID) while voting. Accepted forms of ID include a Rhode Island driver's license, Rhode Island voter ID card, and U.S. passport. For a list of all accepted forms of ID, see below.

    The following list of accepted ID was current as of April 2023. Click here for the Rhode Island Secretary of State page on accepted ID to ensure you have the most current information.

    “
    • RI Driver's License or Permit
    • RI Voter ID Card *
    • U.S. Passport
    • ID issued by a U.S. educational institution
    • U.S. military ID
    • ID card issued by the United States or the State of Rhode Island
    • Government issued medical card
    • Tribal ID[5]
    		 ”
    • *The Rhode Island Secretary of State's office is issuing free voter photo ID cards to individuals who do not possess any of the valid Photo IDs listed above. For additional information, visit Rhode Island's online Voter Information Center, call 401-222-2340, or email elections@sos.ri.gov.

    Background

    As of August 2023, 34 states required voters to present identification in order to vote at the polls on Election Day. Of these states, 23 required voters to present identification containing a photograph, and 11 accepted other forms of identification. The remaining 16 states did not require voters to present identification in order to vote at the polls on Election Day. Valid forms of identification differ by state. Commonly accepted forms include driver's licenses, state-issued identification cards, and military identification cards.[10][11]

    Provisional balloting for voters without ID

    Voters who do not have ID while voting may cast provisional ballots. See below for provisional ballot rules.


    Provisional ballot rules

    Voters in Rhode Island are given provisional ballots, or ballots requiring additional steps or information before they can be counted, under the following circumstances.[12]

    “
    1. Category 1 - The individual declares that he/she is a registered voter in the precinct but is informed by an election official on election day that the individual's name does not appear on the official list of registered voters for the precinct or the that the individual's name is listed in another precinct of the city/town. Except voters who file voter affirmation forms under R.I. Gen. Laws § 17-9.1-16.
    2. Category 2 - The official list of registered voters indicates the voter has applied for a mail/emergency ballot; or
    3. Category 3 - An election official asserts that the individual is not eligible to vote (including partisan and non-partisan primaries); or
    4. Category 4 - The individual is unable to provide the required voter identification at the time of voting.[12][5]
    		 ”

    Voters who cast a provisional ballot have until 4 p.m. on the day following the election to provide the local board of canvassers with information to help qualify their ballot.[12]

    A provisional ballot is rejected in the following circumstances:[13]

    • If the voter is not registered or voted in the wrong congressional district;
    • If the voter’s signature does not match the signature of the voter’s registration; or
    • If the voter also cast a mail ballot, emergency ballot, or military ballot.

    Was your provisional ballot counted?

    Visit the board of election’s Provisional Ballot Search tool to check the status of your provisional ballot. You can also contact the board of canvassers in the city or town where you cast your ballot.

    Local election officials

    U.S. Vote Foundation Logo.jpeg

    Do you need information about elections in your area? Are you looking for your local election official? Click here to visit the U.S. Vote Foundation and use their election official lookup tool.

    Primary election type

    See also: Primary elections in Rhode Island

    A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for elected office to run in the general election. They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. Rhode Island utilizes a semi-closed primary system. Unaffiliated voters may vote in a party's primary, but they will then be considered affiliated with that party. In order to disaffiliate, they must file a "Change of Party Designation" form.[14][15][16][17]

    For information about which offices are nominated via primary election, see this article.

    Time off work for voting

    Ballotpedia did not find a law specifying whether voters must be given time off from work to vote in this state. Nolo.com notes that states without such state laws may have administrative regulations or local ordinances pertaining to time off for voting and suggests calling your local board of elections or state labor department for more information.[18]

    If you know of a relevant policy in this state, please email us. Click here to find contact information for your local board of canvassers.

    As of 2020, 28 states had laws requiring employers to provide time off for voting under certain conditions.

    Voting rules for people convicted of a felony

    See also: Voting rights for convicted felons

    In Rhode Island, people convicted of a felony lose their right to vote while incarcerated. Upon completion of their prison time, voting rights are automatically restored when the person either notifies their local board of canvassers in writing or submits a new voter registration form. Click here for a list of local boards of canvassers.[3]

    Voting rights for people convicted of a felony vary from state to state. In the majority of states, people convicted of a felony cannot vote while they are incarcerated but may regain the right to vote upon release from prison or at some point thereafter.[19]


    Voter list maintenance

    All states have rules under which they maintain voter rolls—or, check and remove certain names from their lists of registered voters. Most states are subject to the parameters set by The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA).[20] The NVRA requires states to make efforts to remove deceased individuals and individuals who have become ineligible due to a change of address. It prohibits removing registrants from voter lists within 90 days of a federal election due to change of address unless a registrant has requested to be removed, or from removing people from voter lists solely because they have not voted. The NVRA says that states may remove names from their registration lists under certain other circumstances and that their methods for removing names must be uniform and nondiscriminatory.[21]

    When names can be removed from the voter list

    Rhode Island law authorizes election officials to remove the names of voters from the registered voting list if an individual:[22][23][24]

    • dies
    • requests in writing to removed
    • is incarcerated as a result of a felony conviction
    • is judged mentally incompetent
    • remains in inactive status through two general elections.

    Inactive voter list rules

    Rhode Island law requires the Secretary of State to conduct a voter registration maintenance program at least four times per year, using National Change of Address data and other address verification resources. In addition, local election officials are required to send nonforwardable mail to all registered voters who have not voted in the previous five years. If notices are returned as undeliverable, state law outlines a confirmation process, in which election officials send a forwardable confirmation notice. If the confirmation notice is returned as undeliverable or if the voter does not respond within 14 days, the voter is to be placed on the inactive list and may not vote until they sign an affirmation form at an approved polling location or a local board of canvassers. If the individual does not update their status or vote in two consecutive general elections following the confirmation process, they are removed the list of voters.[25]

    The Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC)

    See also: Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC)

    According to its website, ERIC is a nonprofit corporation that is governed by a board of member-states. These member states submit voter registration and motor vehicle registration information to ERIC. ERIC uses this information, as well as Social Security death records, to provide member states with detailed reports showing voters who have moved within their state, moved out of their state, died, have duplicate registrations in their state, or are potentially eligible to vote but are not yet registered. ERIC's website describes its funding as follows: "Each state pays annual dues, which are determined by a formula approved by the ERIC membership. The formula includes a state's citizen voting age population as a factor."[26]

    By 2022, 33 states and the District of Columbia had joined ERIC. As of August 2023, 26 states and the District of Columbia were members in the ERIC program.[27]

    As of August 2023, Rhode Island was participating in the ERIC program.

    Post-election auditing

    Rhode Island state law requires post-election audits. The state board of elections and the local board of canvassers conducts a risk-limiting audit. The state board chooses the local, state, and federal contests for the audit. "A risk-limiting audit shall begin with a hand tally of the votes in one or more audit units and shall continue to hand tally votes in additional audit units until there is strong statistical evidence that the electoral outcome is correct. In the event that counting additional audit units does not provide strong statistical evidence that the electoral outcome is correct, the audit shall continue until there has been a full manual tally to determine the correct electoral outcome of the audited contest," according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. The audit must be completed before certification of the election results.[28] Post-election audits check that election results tallied by a state's voting system match results from paper records, such as paper ballots filled out by voters or the paper records produced by electronic voting machines. Post-election audits are classified into two categories: audits of election results—which include traditional post-election audits as well as risk-limiting audits—and procedural audits.[19][29]

    Typically, traditional post-election audits are done by recounting a portion of ballots, either electronically or by hand, and comparing the results to those produced by the state's voting system. In contrast, risk-limiting audits use statistical methods to compare a random sample of votes cast to election results instead of reviewing every ballot. The scope of procedural audits varies by state, but they typically include a systematic review of voting equipment, performance of the voting system, vote totals, duties of election officials and workers, ballot chain of custody, and more.

    As of December 2023, 41 states and the District of Columbia required some form of post-election audit. Of these, 36 states and the District of Columbia required traditional post-election audits, three states required risk-limiting post-election audits, and two states required procedural post-election audits.[30]



    Election policy ballot measures

    See also: Elections and campaigns on the ballot and List of Rhode Island ballot measures

    Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measures relating to election and campaign policy in Rhode Island.

    1. Rhode Island Question 2, Restoration of Voting Rights Act (2006)
    2. Rhode Island Suffrage, Proposal 2 (1984)
    3. Rhode Island Four Year Terms, Proposal 4 (1982)
    4. Rhode Island Suffrage, Proposal 1 (1973)
    5. Rhode Island Qualifications for Office, Proposal 2 (1973)
    6. Rhode Island Four Year Terms, Proposal 6 (1973)
    7. Rhode Island Qualifications and Registration of Voters, Proposal 14 (1972)
    8. Rhode Island Qualification of Electors—Narragansett Indians, Proposal 1 (1950)
    9. Rhode Island Qualification of Electors—Servicemen Exempt, Proposal 5 (1950)
    10. Rhode Island Judicial Power, Proposal 1 (1952)
    11. Rhode Island Judicial Power, Proposal 1 (1954)

    Recent legislation related to election administration in Rhode Island

    The table below lists bills related to election administration that have been introduced during (or carried over to) the current legislative session in Rhode Island. The following information is included for each bill:

    • State
    • Bill number
    • Official name or caption
    • Most recent action date
    • Legislative status
    • Topics dealt with by the bill

    Bills are organized alphabetically, first by state and then by bill number. The table displays up to 100 results by default. To view additional results, use the arrows in the upper-right corner of the table. For more information about a particular bill, click the bill number. This will open a separate page with additional information.

    Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker

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    The Ballot Bulletin

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    The Ballot Bulletin is a weekly email that delivers the latest updates on election policy. The Ballot Bulletin tracks developments in election policy around the country, including legislative activity, big-picture trends, and recent news. Each email contains in-depth data from our Election Administration Legislation Tracker. You'll also be able to track relevant legislation, with links to and summaries of the bills themselves.

    Click here to view recent issues and subscribe.


    Ballot access

    See also: Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Rhode Island
    A cardboard ballot box at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History

    In order to get on the ballot in Rhode Island, a candidate for state or federal office must meet a variety of state-specific filing requirements and deadlines. These regulations, known as ballot access laws, determine whether a candidate or party will appear on an election ballot. These laws are set at the state level. A candidate must prepare to meet ballot access requirements well in advance of primaries, caucuses, and the general election.

    There are three basic methods by which an individual may become a candidate for office in a state.

    1. An individual can seek the nomination of a state-recognized political party.
    2. An individual can run as an independent. Independent candidates often must petition in order to have their names printed on the general election ballot.
    3. An individual can run as a write-in candidate.

    This article outlines the steps that prospective candidates for state-level and congressional office must take in order to run for office in Rhode Island. For information about filing requirements for presidential candidates, see "Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Rhode Island." Information about filing requirements for local-level offices is not available in this article (contact state election agencies for information about local candidate filing processes).

    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Rhode Island
    "Gerrymandering"

    Redistricting is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. Each of Rhode Island's two United States Representatives and 113 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. United States Senators are not elected by districts, but by the states at large. District lines are redrawn every 10 years following completion of the United States census. The federal government stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.[31][32][33][34]

    Rhode Island was apportioned 2 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives after the 2020 census, the same number it received after the 2010 census. Click here for more information about redistricting in Rhode Island after the 2020 census.

    Rhode Island enacted new congressional district boundaries on February 16, 2022, when Gov. Dan McKee (D) signed redistricting legislation that the General Assembly had approved the day before. The State House of Representatives passed the district boundaries, 57-6, with 53 Democrats and four Republicans voting in favor and four Republicans and two Democrats voting against. The State Senate approved the new maps 29-9 with all 'yes' votes from Democrats and five Republicans and four Democrats voting 'no.'[35][36][37]

    Rhode Island enacted new legislative district boundaries on February 16, 2022, when Gov. Dan McKee (D) signed redistricting legislation approved by the General Assembly. The State House of Representatives passed the new maps by a vote of 57-6 and the State Senate approved them, 29-9, on February 15, 2022. In a press release issued after Gov. McKee signed the legislation, State Representative Robert Phillips (D), co-chair of the state's legislative Reapportionment Commission, said, "It was an honor and pleasure to work with such a dedicated group of individuals on this commission. I’m particularly proud of the fact that we obtained so much input from citizens around the state, holding our meetings in several cities and towns to make it more accessible to everyone. Reapportionment can be daunting and complex, but I’m glad we took everyone’s concerns into account and came up with a fair and equitable system of reapportionment.”[38][39][40][41]

    Click here for more information on maps enacted after the 2020 census.

    HIGHLIGHTS
  • Following the 2020 United States Census, Rhode Island was apportioned two congressional districts, which was unchanged from the number it had after the 2010 census.
  • Rhode Island's House of Representatives is made up of 75 districts; Rhode Island's State Senate is made up of 38 districts.
  • In Rhode Island, congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the state legislature. An 18-member advisory commission established in 2011 is also involved in the process.

    • State process

    See also: State-by-state redistricting procedures

    In Rhode Island, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the Rhode Island General Assembly. These lines are subject to veto by the governor.[42]

    An 18-member advisory commission established in 2011 can recommend congressional and state legislative redistricting plans to the state legislature. The legislature may "adopt, modify, or ignore the commission's proposals." The composition of the commission is as follows:[42]

    1. The majority leader of the Rhode Island State Senate chooses four commissioners who are state legislators and three who are not, for a total of seven commissioners.
    2. The majority leader of the Rhode Island House of Representatives chooses four commissioners who are state legislators and three who are not, for a total of seven commissioners.
    3. The minority leader of the Rhode Island State Senate chooses two commissioners who are state legislators.
    4. The minority leader of the Rhode Island House of Representatives chooses two commissioners who are state legislators.

    The Rhode Island Constitution requires that state legislative districts be compact.[42]

    State statutes require that congressional and state legislative districts meet the following criteria:[42]

    1. Districts should be contiguous.
    2. Districts should "reflect natural, historical, geographical, and municipal and other political lines, 'as well as the right of all Rhode Islanders to fair representation and equal access to the political process.'"
    3. "The lines of state House, state Senate and congressional districts [should] coincide–or at least, if they do not overlap completely, they should avoid creating voting precincts with distinct ballot options where the precinct has fewer than 100 people."


    Election administration agencies

    Election agencies

    Seal of the U.S. Election Assistance Commission
    See also: State election agencies

    Individuals seeking additional information about voting provisions in Rhode Island can contact the following local, state, and federal agencies.

    Rhode Island Local Boards of Canvassers

    Click here for a list

    Rhode Island Secretary of State, Elections Division

    148 West River Street
    Providence, Rhode Island 02904-2615
    Telephone: 401-222-2340
    Email: elections@sos.ri.gov

    U.S. Election Assistance Commission

    633 3rd Street NW, Suite 200
    Washington, DC 20001
    Telephone: 301-563-3919
    Toll free: 1-866-747-1471


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    See also

    Elections in Rhode Island


    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ We use the term "absentee/mail-in voting" to describe systems in which requests or applications are required. We use the term "all-mail voting" to denote systems where the ballots themselves are sent automatically to all voters. We use the hyphenate term for absentee voting because some states use “mail voting” (or a similar alternative) to describe what has traditionally been called "absentee voting."
    2. ↑ Rhode Island Board of Elections, "General Election Polling Place Hours," accessed April 18, 2023
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Rhode Island Department of State, "Register to Vote," accessed April 18, 2023
    4. ↑ Providence Journal, “Raimondo signs automatic voter registration bill into law,” August 1, 2017
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Rhode Island Department of State, "Vote from Home with a Mail Ballot," accessed April 18, 2023
    7. ↑ Rhode Island Department of State, "Apply for a Mail Ballot," accessed April 18, 2023
    8. ↑ Rhode Island Department of State, "Vote by Emergency Mail Ballot," accessed April 18, 2023
    9. ↑ Rhode Island Department of State, "A mail ballot guide for Rhode Island voters," accessed April 18, 2023
    10. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Voter Identification Requirements|Voter ID Laws," March 9, 2023
    11. ↑ The Washington Post, "Do I need an ID to vote? A look at the laws in all 50 states," October 27, 2014
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 State of Rhode Island Board of Elections, "Provisional Ballot," accessed April 18, 2023
    13. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Provisional Ballots," accessed November 4, 2022
    14. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Primary Election Types," accessed October 25, 2019
    15. ↑ FairVote, "Primaries," accessed October 25, 2019
    16. ↑ Ballotpedia research conducted December 26, 2013, through January 3, 2014, researching and analyzing various state websites and codes.
    17. ↑ Rhode Island Board of Elections Website, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed November 14, 2019
    18. ↑ NOLO, "Taking Time Off to Vote," accessed September 13, 2019
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 National Conference of State Legislatures, "Felon Voting Rights," April 6, 2023 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ncsl" defined multiple times with different content
    20. ↑ The Justice Department notes, "Six States (Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) are exempt from the NVRA because, on and after August 1, 1994, they either had no voter-registration requirements or had election-day voter registration at polling places with respect to elections for federal office."
    21. ↑ The United States Department of Justice, "The National Voter Registration Act of 1993," accessed Aprl 4, 2023
    22. ↑ Rhode Island General Laws, "17-9.1-26," accessed April 18, 2023
    23. ↑ Rhode Island General Laws, "17-10-1," accessed April 18, 2023
    24. ↑ Rhode Island General Laws, "17-10-8," accessed April 18, 2023
    25. ↑ Rhode Island General Laws, "17-9.1-27," accessed April 18, 2023
    26. ↑ ERIC, "Home," accessed April 4, 2023
    27. ↑ ERIC, "Who We Are," accessed August 7, 2023
    28. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Post-Election Audits," September 22, 2022
    29. ↑ Election Assistance Commission, "Election Audits Across the United States," accessed August 15, 2023
    30. ↑ Ballotpedia research conducted in June 2023, researching and analyzing various state websites and codes.
    31. ↑ All About Redistricting, "Why does it matter?" accessed April 8, 2015
    32. ↑ Indy Week, "Cracked, stacked and packed: Initial redistricting maps met with skepticism and dismay," June 29, 2011
    33. ↑ The Atlantic, "How the Voting Rights Act Hurts Democrats and Minorities," June 17, 2013
    34. ↑ Redrawing the Lines, "The Role of Section 2 - Majority Minority Districts," accessed April 6, 2015
    35. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "2022 House Journals - February 15th," accessed February 18, 2022
    36. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "House Floor Votes for 2/15/2022," accessed February 18, 2022
    37. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "Legislative Status Report - Senate Bill No. 2162 SUB A as amended," accessed February 18, 2022
    38. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "Bill to reapportion House, Senate, congressional districts signed into law," accessed February 18, 2022
    39. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "2022 House Journals - February 15th," accessed February 18, 2022
    40. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "House Floor Votes for 2/15/2022," accessed February 18, 2022
    41. ↑ State of Rhode Island General Assembly, "Legislative Status Report - Senate Bill No. 2162 SUB A as amended," accessed February 18, 2022
    42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 All About Redistricting, "Rhode Island," accessed May 7, 2015
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