Barbara Lee (California)

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Barbara Lee
Image of Barbara Lee

Candidate, U.S. Senate California

U.S. House California District 12

Tenure

2023 - Present

Term ends

2025

Years in position

1

Predecessor
Prior offices
California State Assembly

California State Senate

U.S. House California District 9

U.S. House California District 13
Successor: John Duarte

Compensation

Base salary

$174,000

Net worth

(2012) $385,007

Elections and appointments
Last elected

November 8, 2022

Next election

March 5, 2024

Education

Bachelor's

Mills College, 1973

Graduate

University of California, Berkeley, 1975

Personal
Birthplace
El Paso, Texas
Religion
Christian: Baptist
Contact

Barbara Lee (Democratic Party) is a member of the U.S. House, representing California's 12th Congressional District. She assumed office on January 3, 2023. Her current term ends on January 3, 2025.

Lee (Democratic Party) is running in a special election to the U.S. Senate to represent California. She is on the ballot in the special primary on March 5, 2024.

Lee is also running for election to the U.S. Senate to represent California. She is on the ballot in the primary on March 5, 2024.


Biography

Barbara Lee was born in El Paso, Texas. Lee graduated from San Fernando High School in 1964. She earned a bachelor's degree from Mills College in 1973 and a master's degree in social work from the University of California at Berkeley in 1975. Lee's career experience includes working as a staffer for former U.S. Representative Ronald V. Dellums.[1]

2024 battleground election

See also: United States Senate election in California, 2024 (March 5 top-two primary)

Ballotpedia identified the March 5, 2024, top-two primary as a battleground race. The summary below is from our coverage of this election, found here.

Twenty-nine candidates are running in the top-two primary for U.S. Senate in California on March 5, 2024. The primary will determine which two candidates will run in the state's general election on November 5, 2024.

Incumbent Laphonza Butler (D) announced she would not run for re-election on October 19, 2023.[2] Governor Gavin Newsom (D) appointed Butler to replace Dianne Feinstein (D), who died on September 29, 2023.[3] Butler was sworn in on October 3 of that year.[4] This will be the first open race for California's Class I U.S. Senate seat since 1992.[5]

The following candidates have received the most media attention: Barbara Lee (D), Katie Porter (D), Adam Schiff (D), and Steve Garvey (R).[5][6] Lee, Porter, and Schiff are members of California's congressional delegation. Garvey is a former professional baseball player. The Democratic candidates are campaigning on democracy reform, climate change, the economy, and healthcare.[7][8][9] Garvey's priorities are quality-of-life issues, public safety, and education.[10] To learn more about the additional 25 candidates running in the primary, click here.

The top-two primary is for the six-year term beginning on January 3, 2025. Also on the primary ballot is a special top-two primary for the remainder of Feinstein's term, which will last until January 3, 2025. As of December 3, 2023, Lee, Porter, Schiff, and Garvey are running in both the special and regular primary elections.[6] Paul Mitchell, a Democratic strategist and pollster, said, "In a crowded field of contenders, each with their own appeal, being on both ballots could potentially pose some risk. Even a small splitting of votes because of this ballot oddity could cause a candidate to make the runoff in the special election for the remainder term, and not make the runoff in the election for the full term."[6]

The San Francisco Chronicle's Shira Stein and Joe Garofoli said the three Democratic candidates voted the same way 94% of the time over the past four and a half years in Congress. They differed most often on foreign policy, the military, and immigration. For example, "they had a rare moment of disunion over the surprise attack on Israel by Hamas. Schiff expressed unequivocal support for Israel while Lee called for a cease-fire and offered prayers for both Israelis and Palestinians killed. Porter stood out by taking an unusual position for a Democrat — attributing some of the blame to American inaction in Iran."[11] On December 18, 2023, Porter updated her stance, saying, "I support working toward a lasting bilateral ceasefire in Gaza. ... The role of the United States should be to identify and push for conditions where a lasting bilateral ceasefire is possible. These conditions include release of all hostages, durable security for Israel, and an end to Hamas’ control of Gaza."[12]

This is the second time in two years that four races will be held (two primaries and two generals) in California in one year for the same U.S. Senate seat. In 2022, Sen. Alex Padilla (D), who was appointed to fill Kamala Harris' (D) Senate seat, ran for the remainder of Harris' term, as well as for the new, six-year term.[6]

Committee assignments

U.S. House

2023-2024

Lee was assigned to the following committees:[Source]

2021-2022

Lee was assigned to the following committees:[Source]

2019-2020

Lee was assigned to the following committees:[Source]

2017-2018

At the beginning of the 115th Congress, Lee was assigned to the following committees:[13]

2015-2016

Lee served on the following committees:[14]

2013-2014

Lee served on the following committees:[15]

2011-2012

Lee served on the following committees:[16]

  • Appropriations Committee
    • Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government
    • Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies
    • Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Key votes

See also: Key votes

Ballotpedia monitors legislation that receives a vote and highlights the ones that we consider to be key to understanding where elected officials stand on the issues. To read more about how we identify key votes, click here.

Key votes: 117th Congress, 2021-2023

The 117th United States Congress began on January 3, 2021 and ended on January 3, 2023. At the start of the session, Democrats held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives (222-213), and the U.S. Senate had a 50-50 makeup. Democrats assumed control of the Senate on January 20, 2021, when President Joe Biden (D) and Vice President Kamala Harris (D), who acted as a tie-breaking vote in the chamber, assumed office. We identified the key votes below using Congress' top-viewed bills list and through marquee coverage of certain votes on Ballotpedia.

Key votes: 117th Congress, 2021-2023
Vote Bill and description Status
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (228-206)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (220-210)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (220-207)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (220-204)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (220-210)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (217-213)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (363-70)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (350-80)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (228-197)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (342-88)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (243-187)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (218-211)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (321-101)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (260-171)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (224-206)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (258-169)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (230-201)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (217-207)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (227-203)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (220-203)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (234-193)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (232-197)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (225-201)


Key votes: Previous sessions of Congress

Issues

Ambassador to Cuba

Lee indicated her interest in a possible appointment to the position of U.S. Ambassador to Cuba, should such a position become available before President Obama leaves office. This followed Obama's announcement about normalizing relations with Cuba on January 15, 2015. When asked about a possible future appointment, Lee stated, "My priority and focus is working with my congressional colleagues to lift the embargo, end the travel ban and fully normalize relations with Cuba."[145]

American response in Syria

See also: United States involvement in Syria

On August 29, 2013, more than 50 House Democrats signed a letter written by Lee calling for a congressional resolution on strikes, cautioning that the dire situation in Syria "should not draw us into an unwise war—especially without adhering to our constitutional requirements."[146][147] The letter also calls on the Obama administration to work with the U.N. Security Council “to build international consensus” condemning the alleged use of chemical weapons.[146][147]

SNAP challenge

See also: United States Farm Bill 2013

In June 2013, more than two dozen House Democrats, including Lee, took part in a SNAP challenge, feeding themselves for a week on the average benefit level of a SNAP recipient.[148] Participants agreed to eat all meals from a limited food budget comparable to that of a SNAP participant, approximately $1.50 per meal, or $4.50 a day.[149]

Elections

2024

Regular election

See also: United States Senate election in California, 2024

General election

The primary will occur on March 5, 2024. The general election will occur on November 5, 2024. General election candidates will be added here following the primary.

Nonpartisan primary election
Nonpartisan primary for U.S. Senate California

The following candidates are running in the primary for U.S. Senate California on March 5, 2024.

Candidate
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/SharletaBassett.jpg
Sharleta Bassett (R)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/JamesBradley_California__fixed.JPG
James P. Bradley (R)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Eric_Early_cropped.jpg
Eric Early (R)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/SteveGarvey.jpg
Steve Garvey (R)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/DeniceGary-Pandol.jpg
Denice Gary-Pandol (R) Candidate Connection
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Laura Garza (No party preference)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/sgilani2.jpg
Sepi Gilani (D) Candidate Connection
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Don-Grundmann.jpg
Don Grundmann (No party preference)
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Forrest Jones (American Independent Party of California)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/HarmeshKumar.jpeg
Harmesh Kumar (D) Candidate Connection
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Barbara_Lee.PNG
Barbara Lee (D)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Sarah_Liew.png
Sarah Sun Liew (R)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Gail_Lightfoot.jpg
Gail Lightfoot (L)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/JamesMacauley.jpeg
James Macauley (R)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Christina_Pascucci.jpg
Christina Pascucci (D)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/David-Peterson.PNG
David Peterson (D) Candidate Connection
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/dhpierce.jpg
Douglas Howard Pierce (D)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/KATIE_PORTER.jpg
Katie Porter (D)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/PerryPound.jpeg
Perry Pound (D) Candidate Connection
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/RajiRab2.jpg
Raji Rab (D)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/JONATHAN_REISS.JPG
Jonathan Reiss (R)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/JohnRose2023.jpeg
John Rose (D) Candidate Connection
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Mark Ruzon (No party preference) Candidate Connection
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Adam-Schiff.PNG
Adam Schiff (D)
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Stefan Simchowitz (R)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Major_Singh.jpg
Major Singh (No party preference)
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Martin Veprauskas (R)
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Eduardo Berdugo (Independent) (Write-in)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Danny_Fabricant.jpg
Danny Fabricant (R) (Write-in)

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
Polls
See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls

Polls are conducted with a variety of methodologies and have margins of error or credibility intervals.[150] The Pew Research Center wrote, "A margin of error of plus or minus 3 percentage points at the 95% confidence level means that if we fielded the same survey 100 times, we would expect the result to be within 3 percentage points of the true population value 95 of those times."[151] For tips on reading polls from FiveThirtyEight, click here. For tips from Pew, click here.

Below we provide results for polls that are included in polling aggregation from FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, when available. Click here to read about FiveThirtyEight's criteria for including polls in its aggregation. We only report polls for which we can find a margin of error or credibility interval.


2024: Primary election polls
Poll Date Democratic Party Schiff Democratic Party Porter Republican Party Garvey Democratic Party Lee Republican Party Bradley Republican Party Early Democratic Party Pascucci Democratic Party Reese Republican Party Reiss Republican Party Liew Undecided/Other Margin of error Sample size[152] Sponsor[153]
Emerson College Nov. 11-14 16% 13% 10% 9% 3% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 41%[154] ± 3.0 1,000 RV Nexstar Media
PPIC Statewide Survey Nov. 9-16 21% 16% 10% 8% 4% 3% 1% 0% 2% 2% 17%[155] ± 3.8 1,113 LV N/A
LA Times/Berkeley IGS Oct. 24-30 16% 17% 10% 9% 7% 4% 1% 1% N/A N/A 35%[156] ± 2.5 4,506 LV Los Angeles Times
PPIC Statewide Survey Oct. 3-19 21% 18% N/A 9% 5% 6% N/A 1% 2% 2% 20%[157] ± 4.0 1,395 LV N/A
PPIC Statewide Survey Aug. 25-Sept. 5 20% 15% N/A 8% 5% 5% N/A 1% 3% 2% 19%[158] ± 3.7 1,146 LV N/A


Election campaign finance

This section contains campaign finance figures from the Federal Election Commission covering all candidate fundraising and spending in this election.[163] It does not include information on fundraising before the current campaign cycle or on spending by satellite groups. The numbers in this section are updated as candidates file new campaign finance reports. Candidates for Congress are required to file financial reports on a quarterly basis, as well as two weeks before any primary, runoff, or general election in which they will be on the ballot and upon the termination of any campaign committees.[164]

Name Party Receipts* Disbursements** Cash on hand Date
Sepi Gilani Democratic Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Harmesh Kumar Democratic Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Barbara Lee Democratic Party $3,390,205 $2,066,329 $1,323,876 As of September 30, 2023
Christina Pascucci Democratic Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
David Peterson Democratic Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Douglas Howard Pierce Democratic Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Katie Porter Democratic Party $22,130,231 $10,169,774 $11,960,457 As of September 30, 2023
Perry Pound Democratic Party $3,800 $150 $3,650 As of September 30, 2023
Raji Rab Democratic Party $10,900 $7,516 $3,384 As of September 30, 2023
John Rose Democratic Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Adam Schiff Democratic Party $21,520,628 $10,453,622 $32,127,524 As of September 30, 2023
Sharleta Bassett Republican Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
James P. Bradley Republican Party $16,411 $16,151 $345 As of September 30, 2023
Eric Early Republican Party $547,023 $460,177 $86,846 As of September 30, 2023
Danny Fabricant Republican Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Steve Garvey Republican Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Denice Gary-Pandol Republican Party $89,892 $84,437 $5,455 As of September 30, 2023
Sarah Sun Liew Republican Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
James Macauley Republican Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Jonathan Reiss Republican Party $6,132 $4,901 $2,691 As of September 30, 2023
Stefan Simchowitz Republican Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Martin Veprauskas Republican Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Forrest Jones American Independent Party of California $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Gail Lightfoot Libertarian Party $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Laura Garza No party preference $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Don Grundmann No party preference $0 $0 $0 Data not available***
Mark Ruzon No party preference $5,535 $1 $5,534 As of September 30, 2023
Major Singh No party preference $200 $108 $1,348 As of September 30, 2023
Eduardo Berdugo Independent $0 $0 $0 Data not available***

Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2024. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).

* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee."
** According to the FEC, a disbursement "is a purchase, payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit or gift of money or anything of value to influence a federal election," plus other kinds of payments not made to influence a federal election.
*** Candidate either did not report any receipts or disbursements to the FEC, or Ballotpedia did not find an FEC candidate ID.

Satellite spending
See also: Satellite spending

Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[165][166]

If available, satellite spending reports by the Federal Election Commission (FEC) and OpenSecrets.org are linked below. FEC links include totals from monthly, quarterly, and semi-annual reports. OpenSecrets.org compiles data from those reports as well as 24- and 48-hour reports from the FEC.[167]

Details about satellite spending of significant amounts and/or reported by media are included below those links. The amounts listed may not represent the total satellite spending in the election. To notify us of additional satellite spending, email us.

By candidate By election


Endorsements

Lee received the following endorsements. To send us additional endorsements, click here.

Special election

See also: United States Senate special election in California, 2024

General election

The primary will occur on March 5, 2024. The general election will occur on November 5, 2024. General election candidates will be added here following the primary.

Nonpartisan primary election
Special nonpartisan primary for U.S. Senate California

The following candidates are running in the special primary for U.S. Senate California on March 5, 2024.


Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Endorsements

Ballotpedia is gathering information about candidate endorsements. To send us an endorsement, click here.

2022

See also: California's 12th Congressional District election, 2022

General election

General election for U.S. House California District 12

Incumbent Barbara Lee defeated Stephen Slauson in the general election for U.S. House California District 12 on November 8, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Barbara_Lee.PNG
Barbara Lee (D)
 
90.5
 
217,110
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Stephen Slauson (R)
 
9.5
 
22,859

Total votes: 239,969
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House California District 12

Incumbent Barbara Lee and Stephen Slauson defeated Glenn Kaplan, Eric Wilson, and Ned Nuerge in the primary for U.S. House California District 12 on June 7, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Barbara_Lee.PNG
Barbara Lee (D)
 
87.7
 
135,892
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Stephen Slauson (R)
 
5.3
 
8,274
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Glenn_Kaplan.jpg
Glenn Kaplan (No Party Affiliation) Candidate Connection
 
3.3
 
5,141
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Eric_Wilson2.jpg
Eric Wilson (D)
 
2.4
 
3,753
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Ned Nuerge (R)
 
1.2
 
1,902

Total votes: 154,962
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

2020

See also: California's 13th Congressional District election, 2020

General election

General election for U.S. House California District 13

Incumbent Barbara Lee defeated Nikka Piterman in the general election for U.S. House California District 13 on November 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Barbara_Lee.PNG
Barbara Lee (D)
 
90.4
 
327,863
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/NikkaUSABackdrop-min.jpg
Nikka Piterman (R) Candidate Connection
 
9.6
 
34,955

Total votes: 362,818
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House California District 13

Incumbent Barbara Lee and Nikka Piterman advanced from the primary for U.S. House California District 13 on March 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Barbara_Lee.PNG
Barbara Lee (D)
 
92.6
 
230,482
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/NikkaUSABackdrop-min.jpg
Nikka Piterman (R) Candidate Connection
 
7.4
 
18,553

Total votes: 249,035
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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2018

See also: California's 13th Congressional District election, 2018

General election

General election for U.S. House California District 13

Incumbent Barbara Lee defeated Laura Wells in the general election for U.S. House California District 13 on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Barbara_Lee.PNG
Barbara Lee (D)
 
88.4
 
260,580
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/LauraWellsSacramento3.jpg
Laura Wells (G)
 
11.6
 
34,257

Total votes: 294,837
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House California District 13

Incumbent Barbara Lee and Laura Wells advanced from the primary for U.S. House California District 13 on June 5, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Barbara_Lee.PNG
Barbara Lee (D)
 
99.5
 
159,751
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/LauraWellsSacramento3.jpg
Laura Wells (G)
 
0.5
 
832

Total votes: 160,583
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2016

See also: California's 13th Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Democratic. Incumbent Barbara Lee (D) defeated Sue Caro (R) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Both candidates advanced past the top-two primary on June 7, 2016, by default.[168][169]

U.S. House, California District 13 General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngBarbara Lee Incumbent 90.8% 293,117
     Republican Sue Caro 9.2% 29,754
Total Votes 322,871
Source: California Secretary of State


U.S. House, California District 13 Primary, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngBarbara Lee Incumbent 92% 192,227
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngSue Caro 8% 16,818
Total Votes 209,045
Source: California Secretary of State

2014

See also: California's 13th Congressional District elections, 2014

Lee won re-election to the U.S. House in 2014. She and Dakin Sundeen (R) advanced past the blanket primary on June 3, 2014, defeating Justin Jelincic (D) and Lawrence Allen (P&F). Lee went on to defeat Sundeen in the general election on November 4, 2014.[170][171]

U.S. House, California District 13 General Election, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngBarbara Lee Incumbent 88.5% 168,491
     Republican Dakin Sundeen 11.5% 21,940
Total Votes 190,431
Source: California Secretary of State
U.S. House, California District 13 Primary, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngBarbara Lee Incumbent 82.6% 77,461
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDakin Sundeen 10.2% 9,533
     Democratic Justin Jelincic 4.9% 4,602
     Peace and Freedom Lawrence Allen 2.3% 2,190
Total Votes 93,786
Source: California Secretary of State

2012

See also: California's 13th Congressional District elections, 2012

Lee won re-election in the 2012 election for the U.S. House, representing California's 13th District.[172] She was displaced from her former district, the 9th by redistricting. She and Marilyn Singleton (Ind) advanced past the blanket primary on June 5, 2012, defeating Justin Jelincic (D). Lee then defeated Singleton in the general election on November 6, 2012.[173][174]

U.S. House, California District 13 General Election, 2012
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngBarbara Lee Incumbent 86.8% 250,436
     Independent Marilyn M. Singleton 13.2% 38,146
Total Votes 288,582
Source: California Secretary of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election"
U.S. House, California District 13 Open Primary, 2012
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngBarbara Lee (D) Incumbent 83.1% 94,709
Green check mark transparent.pngMarilyn Singleton (NPP) 11.8% 13,502
Justin Jelincic (D) 5% 5,741
Total Votes 113,952

Full history


Campaign themes

2024

Ballotpedia survey responses

See also: Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection

Candidate Connection

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Twitter


Campaign ads


October 2, 2023
May 26, 2023
February 21, 2023

View more ads here:

2022

Barbara Lee did not complete Ballotpedia's 2022 Candidate Connection survey.

2020

Barbara Lee did not complete Ballotpedia's 2020 Candidate Connection survey.

2016

The following issues were listed on Lees' campaign website. For a full list of campaign themes, click here.

  • Arts and Culture: We must recognize that an arts economy is important not only for the jobs it brings, but for the joy it brings to our communities.
  • Civil Rights: I am a firm believer in the need to guarantee and protect the civil and human rights of all individuals.
  • Economy: A real economic recovery for our urban centers will take time and patience along with thoughtful investment in our collective future. A "cuts only" budget strategy does not address the jobs crisis being experienced in our congressional district, and in every corner of the country.
  • Education: We must resolve to provide ladders of opportunity to make certain that all children have equal access to a quality public education that will prepare them for college or a living-wage job.
  • Peace: As the world's superpower, we have a responsibility to promote peace above all else. This requires leading by example in encouraging global peace, proactively mitigating serious threats and stabilizing conditions that produce conflict.

[182]

—Barbara Lees' campaign website, http://www.barbaraleeforcongress.org

2014

Lee's campaign website listed the following issues:[183]

  • Arts & Culture
Excerpt: "The cities in our congressional district have one signature export in common—creativity. The Thirteenth Congressional District deserves a thriving arts economy that supports a greater numbers of artists. "
  • Civil Rights
Excerpt: "Our society has made significant progress in the last half century in terms of becoming a more just nation for all of its peoples. But we still have a long way to go. We must level the playing field and offer every individual an equal opportunity to realize his or her potential."
  • Economy
Excerpt: "A real economic recovery for our urban centers will take time and patience along with thoughtful investment in our collective future. A "cuts only" budget strategy does not address the jobs crisis being experienced in our congressional district, and in every corner of the country. "
  • Education
Excerpt: "Support for public education is a long-standing American value. Over the last 20 years, however, school funding has needlessly become a political football. We must resolve to provide ladders of opportunity to make certain that all children have equal access to a quality public education that will prepare them for college or a living-wage job."
  • Environment
Excerpt: "Protecting our environment is critical to the stability of the nation. Implementing eco-friendly policies will not only improve the quality of life for our residents —it will provide a pathway for economic revitalization and the strengthening of our national security. As a country, we must prioritize the implementation of comprehensive environmental policies that reflect our values. In so doing, we will achieve the goals of protecting our people as well as our planet."

Notable endorsements

See also: Ballotpedia: Our approach to covering endorsements

This section displays endorsements this individual made in elections within Ballotpedia's coverage and endorsements scopes.

Notable endorsements by Barbara Lee
EndorseeElectionStageOutcome
John Quaye Quartey  source  (D) U.S. House California District 27 (2022) PrimaryLost Primary
Kamala D. Harris  source  (D) President of the United States (2020) Withdrew in Convention
Hillary Clinton  source  (D) President of the United States (2016) PrimaryLost General

Campaign donors

Comprehensive donor history


Note: The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may represent only a portion of all the funds spent on their behalf. Satellite spending groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer. Campaign finance data from elections may be incomplete. For elections to federal offices, complete data can be found at the FEC website. Click here for more on federal campaign finance law and here for more on state campaign finance law.


Barbara Lee campaign contribution history
YearOfficeStatusContributions
2024U.S. Senate CaliforniaOn the Ballot primary$3,390,205
2022U.S. House California District 12Won general$2,183,373
2020U.S. House California District 13Won general$1,888,202
2018U.S. House California District 13Won general$1,875,867
2016U.S. House, California District 13Won general$1,301,203
2014U.S. House (California, District 13)Won general$1,139,240
2012U.S. House California District 13Won general$1,167,291
2010U.S. House California District 9Won general$1,156,049
2008U.S. House California District 9Won general$1,051,437
2006U.S. House California District 9Won general$965,875
2004U.S. House California District 9Won general$871,025
2002U.S. House California District 9Won general$889,322
2000U.S. House California District 9Won general$492,132
Grand total raised$18,371,221
Sources: OpenSecretsFederal Elections Commission

* This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).

2018

U.S. House California District 13 2018 election - Campaign Contributions
Top industry contributors to Barbara Lee's campaign in 2018
Labor $180,520.00
Health $121,238.34
Finance, Insurance & Real Estate $96,365.00
Lawyers & Lobbyists $94,338.34
Communications & Electronics $60,320.50
Total Raised in 2018 $0.00
Total Spent $1,781,695.78
Source: Follow the Money

2020

U.S. House California District 13 2020 election - Campaign Contributions
Top individual contributors to Barbara Lee's campaign in 2020
Unitemized $472,258.00
United Food & Commercial Workers Union $12,500.00
KEEFE, JAMES J $10,500.00
Teamsters Union $10,000.00
FAULK, ANDREW $10,000.00
Communications Workers of America $10,000.00
Machinists/Aerospace Workers Union $10,000.00
Transport Workers Union $10,000.00
JERNIGAN, FRANK $10,000.00
American Federation of State/Cnty/Munic Employees $10,000.00
Total Raised in 2020 $1,827,553.25
Total Spent $1,810,132.05
Source: Follow the Money

2018

U.S. House California District 13 2018 election - Campaign Contributions
Top individual contributors to Barbara Lee's campaign in 2018
JORDAN, WAYNE D $5,400.00
KAPOR, MITCHELL DAVID (MITCH) $5,400.00
ROBBINS, RICHARD K $5,400.00
FIELDS MD, HOWARD L $5,400.00
WINOGRAD, CAROL HUNTER $5,400.00
Total Raised in 2018 $0.00
Total Spent $1,781,695.78
Source: Follow the Money


2016

Lee won re-election to the U.S. House in 2016. During that election cycle, Lee's campaign committee raised a total of $1,301,203 and spent $1,317,829.[184] This is less than the average $1.46 million spent by U.S. House winners in 2016.[185]

Cost per vote

Lee spent $4.5 per general election vote received in 2016.

U.S. House, California District 13, 2016 - Barbara Lee (California) Campaign Contributions
Total Raised $1,301,203
Total Spent $1,317,829
Total Raised by Election Runner-up $4,521
Total Spent by Election Runner-up $4,521
Top contributors to Barbara Lee (California)'s campaign committee
Gilead Sciences$23,400
JStreetPAC$17,450
Alphabet Inc$12,150
Akonadi Foundation$10,800
Dickerson Employee Benefits$10,800
Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
Retired$80,745
Lawyers/Law Firms$69,203
Democratic/Liberal$64,633
Real Estate$52,001
Health Professionals$50,250
Source: Open Secrets

2014

Lee won re-election to the U.S. House in 2014. During that election cycle, Lee's campaign committee raised a total of $1,139,240 and spent $1,100,730.[186] This is less than the average $1.45 million spent by House winners in 2014.[187]

Cost per vote

Lee spent $6.53 per general election vote received in 2014.

U.S. House, California District 13, 2014 - Barbara Lee (California) Campaign Contributions
Total Raised $1,139,240
Total Spent $1,100,730
Total Raised by Election Runner-up $4,790
Total Spent by Election Runner-up $4,790
Top contributors to Barbara Lee (California)'s campaign committee
San Francisco Regional Center$19,700
Intl Brotherhood of Electrical Workers$13,600
Gallo Winery$12,500
Ernesto Gallo Clinic & Research Center$11,000
Sfrc$10,400
Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
Retired$63,650
Lawyers/Law Firms$51,900
Real Estate$50,200
Public Sector Unions$46,500
Business Services$45,750
Source: Open Secrets


Below are Lee's FEC reports.[188]

2012

Lee won re-election to the U.S. House in 2012. During that election cycle, Lee's campaign committee raised a total of $1,167,291 and spent $1,148,467.[197] This is less than the average $1.5 million spent by House winners in 2012.[198]

Cost per vote

Lee spent $4.59 per vote received in 2012.


2010

Lee won re-election to the U.S. House in 2010. During that election cycle, Lee's campaign committee raised a total of $1,156,049 and spent $1,156,304.[199]

Her top five contributors between 2009-2010 were:


Personal Gain Index

Congressional Personal Gain Index graphic.png
See also: Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress)

The Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress) is a two-part measurement that illustrates the extent to which members of the U.S. Congress have prospered during their tenure as public servants.
It consists of two different metrics:

PGI: Change in net worth

See also: Changes in Net Worth of U.S. Senators and Representatives (Personal Gain Index) and Net worth of United States Senators and Representatives
Net Worth Metric graphic.png

Based on congressional financial disclosure forms and calculations made available by OpenSecrets.org, Lee's net worth as of 2012 was estimated between $151,016 and $618,999. That averages to $385,007, which is lower than the average net worth of Democratic representatives in 2012 of $5,700,168.36. Lee ranked as the 297th most wealthy representative in 2012.[200] Between 2004 and 2012, Lee's calculated net worth[201] decreased by an average of 3 percent per year. Between 2004 and 2012, the average annual percentage increase for a member of Congress was 15.4 percent.[202]

Barbara Lee Yearly Net Worth
YearAverage Net Worth
2004$501,372
2012$385,007
Growth from 2004 to 2012:−23%
Average annual growth:−3%[203]
Comparatively, the American citizen experienced a median yearly decline in net worth of -0.94%.[204]

The data used to calculate changes in net worth may include changes resulting from assets gained through marriage, inheritance, changes in family estates and/or trusts, changes in family business ownership, and many other variables unrelated to a member's behavior in Congress.

PGI: Donation Concentration Metric

See also: The Donation Concentration Metric (U.S. Congress Personal Gain Index)

Filings required by the Federal Election Commission report on the industries that give to each candidate. Using campaign filings and information calculated by OpenSecrets.org, Ballotpedia calculated the percentage of donations by industry received by each incumbent over the course of his or her career (or 1989 and later, if elected prior to 1988). Lee received the most donations from individuals and PACs employed by the Lawyers/Law Firms industry.

From 1997-2014, 23.42 percent of Lee's career contributions came from the top five industries as listed below.[205]

Donation Concentration Metric graphic.png
Barbara Lee (California) Campaign Contributions
Total Raised $7,944,751
Total Spent $7,791,336
Top five industries that contributed to campaign committee
Lawyers/Law Firms$485,808
Real Estate$391,721
Retired$362,200
Building Trade Unions$337,050
Public Sector Unions$284,050
% total in top industry6.11%
% total in top two industries11.05%
% total in top five industries23.42%

Ballot measure activity

The following table details Lee's ballot measure stances available on Ballotpedia:

Ballot measure support and opposition for Barbara Lee
Ballot measure Year Position Status
California Proposition 30, Tax on Income Above $2 Million for Zero-Emissions Vehicles and Wildfire Prevention Initiative (2022) 2022 Supported[206]
Defeatedd Defeated

Analysis

Ideology and leadership

See also: GovTrack's Political Spectrum & Legislative Leadership ranking

Based on an analysis of bill sponsorship by GovTrack, Lee was a far-left Democratic leader as of July 2014. This was the same rating Lee received in June 2013.[207]

Like-minded colleagues

The website OpenCongress tracks the voting records of each member to determine with whom he or she votes most and least often. The results include a member from each party.[208]

Lee most often votes with:

Lee least often votes with:


Lifetime voting record

See also: Lifetime voting records of United States Senators and Representatives

According to the website GovTrack, Lee missed 426 of 11,939 roll call votes from April 1998 to September 2015. This amounted to 3.6 percent, which was higher than the median of 2.2 percent among representatives as of September 2015.[209]

Congressional staff salaries

See also: Staff salaries of United States Senators and Representatives

The website Legistorm compiles staff salary information for members of Congress. Lee paid her congressional staff a total of $1,082,657 in 2011. He ranked 128th on the list of the lowest paid Democratic representative staff salaries and ranked 83rd overall of the highest paid representative staff salaries in 2011. Overall, California ranked 5th in average salary for representative staff. The average U.S. House of Representatives congressional staff was paid $954,912.20 in fiscal year 2011.[210]

National Journal vote ratings

See also: National Journal vote ratings

Each year National Journal publishes an analysis of how liberally or conservatively each member of Congress voted in the previous year. Click the link above for the full ratings of all members of Congress.

2013

Lee ranked 28th in the liberal rankings in 2013.[211]

2011

See also: National Journal vote ratings

Lee was 1 of 19 members of congress who ranked 1st in the liberal rankings in 2011.[212]

Voting with party

The website OpenCongress tracks how often members of Congress vote with the majority of the chamber caucus.

2014

Lee voted with the Democratic Party 92.2 percent of the time, which ranked 125th among the 204 House Democratic members as of July 2014.[213]

2013

Lee voted with the Democratic Party 93.9 percent of the time, which ranked 145th among the 201 House Democratic members as of June 2013.[214]

Noteworthy events

Tested positive for coronavirus on December 21, 2021

See also: Government official, politician, and candidate deaths, diagnoses, and quarantines due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020-2021
Covid vnt.png
Coronavirus pandemic
Select a topic from the dropdown below to learn more.


Lee announced on December 21, 2021, that she tested positive for COVID-19. She said she was vaccinated at the time she contracted the virus.[215]

Personal

Lee is single and has two children.

See also


External links

Footnotes

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  2. Cal Matters, "Laphonza Butler skips the U.S. Senate race: What you need to know," October 19, 2023
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  139. Project Vote Smart, "HR 273 - Eliminates the 2013 Statutory Pay Adjustment for Federal Employees - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
  140. The Library of Congress, "H.AMDT.136," accessed September 16, 2013
  141. Project Vote Smart, "H Amdt 136 - Prohibits the Enforcement of the Immigration Executive Order - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
  142. Project Vote Smart, "H Amdt 450 - Requires Congressional Approval for Any Rules Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
  143. Project Vote Smart, "HR 1797 - Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
  144. U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote on the Fiscal Cliff," accessed January 4, 2013
  145. SFGate, "Rep. Barbara Lee may be eyeing a post in Havana," January 18, 2015
  146. 146.0 146.1 Office of Barbara Lee, "Lee Letter to President Obama," accessed September 2, 2013
  147. 147.0 147.1 Washington Post, "More than 50 House Democrats also want Syria strike resolution," accessed September 2, 2013
  148. U.S. House.gov, "Full Member List of Congressional Snap Challenge," accessed September 25, 2013 (dead link)
  149. Feeding America, "Taking the SNAP Challenge," accessed September 25, 2013
  150. For more information on the difference between margins of error and credibility intervals, see explanations from the American Association for Public Opinion Research and Ipsos.
  151. Pew Research Center, "5 key things to know about the margin of error in election polls," September 8, 2016
  152. RV=Registered Voters
    LV=Likely Voters
  153. The sponsor is the person or group that funded all or part of the poll.
  154. Includes the responses of "Undecided" (39%) and "Someone else" (2%).
  155. Includes the responses of "Don't know" (14%), "Would not vote for U.S. Senator" (2%), and "Someone else" (1%).
  156. Includes the responses of "Undecided" (30%) and "Others" (5%).
  157. Includes the responses of "Don't know" (8%) and "Someone else" (12%).
  158. Includes the responses of "Don't know" (16%), "Someone else" (3%), and "Would not vote for U.S. Senator" (1%).
  159. RV=Registered Voters
    LV=Likely Voters
  160. The sponsor is the person or group that funded all or part of the poll.
  161. Includes the responses of "Don't know" (6%) and "Someone else" (3%).
  162. Includes the responses of "Undecided" (47%) and "Someone else" (1%).
  163. Fundraising by primary candidates can be found on the race's respective primary election page. Fundraising by general election candidates can be found on the race's general election page.
  164. Federal Election Commission, "2022 Quarterly Reports," accessed March 2, 2022
  165. OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
  166. OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
  167. Amee LaTour, Email correspondence with the Center for Responsive Politics, August 5, 2022
  168. California Secretary of State, "Certified List of Candidates for Voter-Nominated Offices June 7, 2016, Presidential Primary Election," accessed April 4, 2016
  169. The New York Times, "California Primary Results," June 7, 2016
  170. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named huffpost14
  171. The New York Times, "California Primary Results," May 3, 2014
  172. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cnnr
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  174. California Secretary of State, "Unofficial election results," November 6, 2012 (dead link)
  175. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
  176. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
  177. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
  178. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
  179. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
  180. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
  181. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998," accessed March 28, 2013
  182. Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  183. Campaign website, "Issues," accessed April 14, 2014
  184. Open Secrets, "Career Fundraising for Barbara Lee," accessed May 9, 2017
  185. Open Secrets, "Winning vs. Spending," accessed March 22, 2016
  186. Open Secrets, "Barbara Lee 2014 Election Cycle," accessed February 24, 2015
  187. Open Secrets, "Winning vs. Spending," accessed February 23, 2015
  188. Federal Election Commission, "Barbara Lee Summary Report," accessed July 23, 2013
  189. Federal Election Commission, "Barbara Lee April Quarterly," accessed July 23, 2013
  190. Federal Election Commission, "Barbara Lee July Quarterly," accessed July 23, 2013
  191. Federal Election Commission, "Barbara Lee October Quarterly," accessed October 21, 2013
  192. Federal Election Commission, "Barbara Lee Year-End," accessed February 4, 2014
  193. Federal Election Commission, "Barbara Lee April Quarterly," accessed April 21, 2014
  194. Federal Election Commission, "Barbara Lee Pre-Primary," accessed June 2, 2014
  195. Federal Election Commission, "Barbara Lee July Quarterly," accessed July 23, 2014
  196. Federal Election Commission, "Barbara Lee October Quarterly," accessed October 20, 2014
  197. Open Secrets, "Barbara Lee 2012 Election Cycle," accessed February 20, 2013
  198. Open Secrets, "Election 2012: The Big Picture Shows Record Cost of Winning a Seat in Congress," accessed June 19, 2013
  199. Open Secrets, "Barbara Lee 2010 Election Cycle," accessed November 2, 2011
  200. OpenSecrets, "Barbara Lee (D-Calif), 2012," accessed February 18, 2014
  201. This figure represents the total percentage growth from either 2004 (if the member entered office in 2004 or earlier) or the member's first year in office (as noted in the chart below).
  202. This number was found by dividing each member's total net worth growth percentage by the number of years included in the calculation.
  203. This figure represents the total percentage growth divided by the number of years for which there are net worth figures for each member.
  204. This figure was calculated using median asset data from the Census Bureau. Please see the Congressional Net Worth data for Ballotpedia spreadsheet for more information on this calculation.
  205. OpenSecrets.org, "Rep. Barbara Lee," accessed September 22, 2014
  206. Yes on 30, "Our Coalition," May 10, 2022
  207. GovTrack, "Barbara Lee," accessed July 21, 2014
  208. OpenCongress, "Barbara Lee," accessed September 23, 2015
  209. GovTrack, "Rep. Barbara Lee (D)," accessed September 23, 2015
  210. LegiStorm, "Barbara Lee," accessed August 21, 2012
  211. National Journal, "2013 Congressional Vote Ratings," accessed September 23, 2015
  212. National Journal, "Searchable Vote Ratings Tables: House," accessed February 23, 2012
  213. OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed July 2014
  214. OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed July 2014
  215. Congresswoman Barbara Lee, "Congresswoman Barbara Lee Tests Positive for COVID-19," December 21, 2021

Political offices
Preceded by
Nancy Pelosi (D)
U.S. House California District 12
2023-Present
Succeeded by
-
Preceded by
-
U.S. House California District 13
2013-2023
Succeeded by
John Duarte (R)
Preceded by
-
U.S. House California District 9
1998-2013
Succeeded by
-
Preceded by
-
California State Senate
1996-1998
Succeeded by
-
Preceded by
-
California State Assembly
1990-1996
Succeeded by
-


Senators
Representatives
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 6
Ami Bera (D)
District 7
District 8
District 9
District 10
District 11
District 12
District 13
District 14
District 15
District 16
District 17
Ro Khanna (D)
District 18
District 19
District 20
Vacant
District 21
Jim Costa (D)
District 22
District 23
District 24
District 25
Raul Ruiz (D)
District 26
District 27
District 28
Judy Chu (D)
District 29
District 30
District 31
District 32
District 33
District 34
District 35
District 36
Ted Lieu (D)
District 37
District 38
District 39
District 40
Young Kim (R)
District 41
District 42
District 43
District 44
District 45
District 46
District 47
District 48
District 49
District 50
District 51
District 52
Democratic Party (42)
Republican Party (11)
Vacancies (1)