Arkansas State Senate

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Arkansas State Senate
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:   April 10, 2024
Session end:   May 9, 2024
Term length:   2-4-4 year system
Term limits:   12 consecutive years; can return after a four-year break
Redistricting:  Commission
Salary:   $44,356/year + per diem
Members
Total:  35
Democrats:  6
Republicans:  29
Other:  0
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
President:   Leslie Rutledge (R)
Maj. Leader:   Blake Johnson (R)
Min. Leader:   Greg Leding (D)
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024

The Arkansas State Senate is the upper chamber of the Arkansas General Assembly. Alongside the Arkansas House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Arkansas state government and works alongside the governor of Arkansas to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Arkansas State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Arkansas State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Little Rock, Arkansas.

  • All 35 seats in the Arkansas State Senate were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Republican majority increased from 27-7 (with one independent) to 29-6.
  • Seventeen seats out of the Arkansas Senate's 35 seats were up for election in 2020. The chamber's Republican majority increased from 26-9 to 28-7.

  • Arkansas has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

    • This page contains the following information on the Arkansas State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Arkansas State Senate as of January 2024:

    Party As of January 2024
         Democratic Party 6
         Republican Party 29
         Independent 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 35

    Members

    Leadership

    The lieutenant governor serves as president of the Senate but only casts a vote in the case of a tie. In the absence of the lieutenant governor, the president pro tempore presides over the daily session. The president pro tempore is elected by full senate caucus and is also the chief leadership position in the majority caucus.[1]

    Leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Arkansas State Senate District 1 Ben Gilmore Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 2 Matt Stone Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 3 Steve Crowell Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 4 Jimmy Hickey Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 5 Terry Rice Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 6 Matt McKee Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 7 Alan Clark Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 8 Stephanie Flowers Democratic January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 9 Reginald Murdock Democratic January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 10 Ronald Caldwell Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 11 Ricky Hill Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 12 Linda Pondexter Chesterfield Democratic January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 13 Jane English Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 14 Clarke Tucker Democratic January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 15 Fredrick Love Democratic January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 16 Kim Hammer Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 17 Mark Johnson Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 18 Jonathan Dismang Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 19 Dave Wallace Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 20 Dan Sullivan Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 21 Blake Johnson Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 22 John Payton Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 23 Scott Flippo Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 24 Missy Thomas Irvin Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 25 Breanne Davis Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 26 Gary Stubblefield Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 27 Justin Boyd Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 28 Bryan King Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 29 Jim Petty Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 30 Greg Leding Democratic January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 31 Clint Penzo Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 32 Joshua Bryant Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 33 Bart Hester Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 34 Jim Dotson Republican January 9, 2023
    Arkansas State Senate District 35 Tyler Dees Republican January 9, 2023


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2023
    SalaryPer diem
    $44,356/yearFor legislators residing within 50 miles of the capitol: $59/day. For legislators residing more than 50 miles from the capitol: $155/day.

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Arkansas legislators assume office on the second Monday of January following their election.

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    Article 5, Section 4 of the Arkansas Constitution states: "No person shall be a Senator or Representative who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen of the United States, nor any one who has not been for two years next preceding his election, a resident of this State, and for one year next preceding his election, a resident of the county or district whence he may be chosen. Senators shall be at least twenty-five years of age, and Representatives at least twenty-one years of age."[2]

    Historical party control

    Republicans won control of the Arkansas State Senate in 2012. In 2022, they won a 29-6 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the Arkansas Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Arkansas State Senate election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 30 28 28 29 27 27 27 27 27 20 14 11 9 9 7 6
    Republicans 5 7 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 15 21 24 26 26 28 29

    Before 1992

    Democrats held the chamber between 1874 and 2012. From 1914 to 1968, there were no Republican members of the chamber.


    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Arkansas was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: 1992-1996, 2007-2012
    • Republican trifecta: 2015-2023
    • Divided government: 1997-2006, 2013-2014

    Arkansas Party Control: 1992-2024
    Eleven years of Democratic trifectas  •  Ten years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Arkansas state senators serve 2-4-4 terms, where senators serve one two-year term and two four-year terms each decade. Arkansas holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2024

    See also: Arkansas State Senate elections, 2024

    Elections for the Arkansas State Senate will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024. A primary is March 5, 2024, and a primary runoff is April 2, 2024. The filing deadline was November 14, 2023.

    2022

    See also: Arkansas State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the Arkansas State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for May 24, 2022, and a primary runoff was scheduled for June 21, 2022. The filing deadline was March 1, 2022.

    In the 2022 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the Arkansas State Senate from 27-7 (with one independent) to 29-6.

    Arkansas State Senate
    Party As of November 8, 2022 After November 9, 2022
         Democratic Party 7 6
         Republican Party 27 29
         Independent 1 0
    Total 35 35

    2020

    See also: Arkansas State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Arkansas State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for March 3, 2020, and a primary runoff was scheduled for March 31, 2020. The filing deadline was November 11, 2019.

    In the 2020 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the Arkansas State Senate from 26-9 to 28-7.

    Arkansas State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 9 7
         Republican Party 26 28
    Total 35 35

    2018

    See also: Arkansas State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the Arkansas State Senate took place in 2018. An open primary election took place on May 22, 2018.[3] A primary runoff election took place on June 19, 2018. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 1, 2018.[4]

    In the 2018 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the Arkansas State Senate from 25-9 to 26-9.

    Arkansas State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 9 9
         Republican Party 25 26
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 35 35

    2016

    See also: Arkansas State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the Arkansas State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election was held on March 1, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing period began at noon local time on November 2, 2015, and ended at noon local time on November 9, 2015.[5] A total of 17 seats out of the 35 seats in the Arkansas State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 24-11 majority. Republicans gained two seats in the election, giving them a 26-9 majority.

    Arkansas State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 11 9
         Republican Party 24 26
    Total 35 35

    Term limits

    See also: State legislatures with term limits

    The Arkansas legislature is one of 16 state legislatures with term limits. The state Senate has been term-limited since Arkansas voters approved the Arkansas Term Limits Initiative in 1992 as an initiated constitutional amendment. The first year that the term limits enacted in 1992 impacted the ability of incumbents to run for office was 2000.

    In 2014, voters approved the Arkansas Elected Officials Ethics, Transparency and Financial Reform Amendment which permitted legislators to serve a total of 16 years in the House or Senate during his or her lifetime.[12] In 2020, voters modified the term limits for Arkansas state legislative members. Voters passed Issue 2 in November 2020 with 55.38% of the vote. The measure imposed term limits of 12 consecutive years for state legislators with the opportunity to return after a four-year break. State legislators elected in November 2020 or already in office would be allowed to serve the former term limit of 16 years.

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Arkansas General Assembly, the governor must call for a special election to fill the vacancy. The election must be called by the governor without delay.[13][14] For all special elections in the Senate, the county that first established the district is responsible for conducting the election.[15] If the special election is to fill a House seat, the county board of election commissioners representing the vacant district conducts the election.[16] All special elections must be held on the second Tuesday of the month, unless the second Tuesday of the month falls on a legal holiday or is in June during an even-numbered year.[17]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Arkansas Stat. Ann. § 7-11-103 and Arkansas Cons. Art. 5, § 6

    District map

    See also: Arkansas state legislative districts

    The state of Arkansas has 35 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.



    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Arkansas

    The Arkansas General Assembly is responsible for drawing congressional district lines. Both chambers of the state legislature must approve a single redistricting plan. The governor may veto the lines drawn by the state legislature.[18]

    Arkansas' state legislative district lines are drawn by a politician commission, the Arkansas Board of Apportionment. The commission comprises the governor, the secretary of state, and the attorney general.[18]

    The Arkansas Constitution requires that Arkansas State Senate district lines be "contiguous, and that they follow county lines except where necessary to comply with other legal requirements." There are no such requirements in place for congressional districts.[18]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Arkansas after the 2020 census

    On December 29, 2021, new state House and Senate district maps went into effect.[19] The Arkansas Board of Apportionment—made up of the governor, secretary of state, and attorney general—initially displayed these maps on Oct. 29, 2021, beginning a month-long public comment period.[20] The board met on Nov. 29 to incorporate feedback and then voted 3-0 in favor of the final maps. These maps took effect for Arkansas' 2022 legislative elections.

    District map after 2020 redistricting

    Click here to view images of the enacted Senate district maps. This map took effect for Arkansas' 2022 legislative elections.

    2010

    See also: Redistricting in Arkansas after the 2010 census

    Four early versions of the Senate maps were released in late March 2011, and the Board of Apportionment released five proposed House maps in May of 2011.[21] Governor Mike Beebe (D) and Attorney General Dustin McDaniel (D) released their initial map proposals in late July 2011.[22] On July 29, 2011, the Board of Apportionment approved the new state legislative maps by a 2-1 vote.[23]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Arkansas State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Arkansas by year

    2024

    See also: 2024 Arkansas legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature is scheduled to convene on April 10, 2024, and adjourn on May 9, 2024.

    2023

    See also: 2023 Arkansas legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 9, 2023, and adjourn on May 1, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in Arkansas

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[32] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article V of the Arkansas Constitution establishes when the Arkansas General Assembly, of which the Senate is a part, is to convene. Section 5 of Article V establishes the beginning date for regular sessions, but this date has been changed by law (as Section 5 allows). Under the law, the Arkansas legislature convenes its regular session on the second Monday in January of every odd-numbered year. The fiscal session is convened on the second Monday in February of every even-numbered year.[33]

    Section 17 of Article V limits the length of sessions to sixty days, unless extended by a two-thirds vote of each legislative house.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, term limits, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-Republican Party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Arkansas are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? A majority of members in both chambers.

    A simple majority of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 51 of the 100 members in the Arkansas House of Representatives and 18 of the 35 members in the Arkansas State Senate. Arkansas is one of six states that requires a majority vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    Authority: Article 6, Section 15 of the Arkansas Constitution.

    "Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the General Assembly, shall be presented to the Governor; if he approve it, he shall sign it; but if he shall not approve it, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it originated; which house shall enter the objections at large upon their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, a majority of the whole number elected to that house, shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other house; by which, likewise, it shall be reconsidered; and, if approved by a majority of the whole number elected to that house, it shall be a law; but in such cases the vote of both houses shall be determined by "yeas and nays;" and the names of the members voting for or against the bill, shall be entered on the journals."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Arkansas state budget and finances
    Arkansas on Public Policy Logo-one line-on Ballotpedia.png
    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[34][35]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in May of the year preceding the start of the new biennium.
    2. State agencies submit their budget requests to the governor in July.
    3. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in November.
    4. The state legislature adopts a budget between January and April. The budget must be passed by a three-fourths majority.
    5. The fiscal year begins July 1.

    Arkansas is one of 43 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[34]

    The governor is required by statute to submit a balanced budget. The legislature is not legally required to pass a balanced budget.[34]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Arkansas state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Arkansas State Senate has 14 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Arkansas Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Section 22, Article 19, of the Arkansas Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Arkansas

    The Arkansas Constitution provides two mechanisms for amending the state's constitution—a citizen-initiated process and a legislative process. Arkansas requires a simple majority vote (50% plus 1) for voters to approve constitutional amendments.

    Initiative

    See also: Initiated constitutional amendment

    An initiated constitutional amendment is a citizen-initiated ballot measure that amends a state's constitution. There are 18 states that allow citizens to initiate constitutional amendments.

    In Arkansas, the number of signatures required for an initiated constitutional amendment is equal to 10% of the votes cast in the last gubernatorial election. Arkansas requires that a petition must contain qualified signatures equaling at least half of the required percentage of signatures (5%) from each of 50 of the state's 75 counties. A simple majority vote is required for voter approval.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    A simple majority vote is required during one legislative session for the Arkansas State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 51 votes in the Arkansas House of Representatives and 18 votes in the Arkansas State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.



    2025 measures:

    See also: 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.

    No measures to list

    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2024.

    See also: Arkansas 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.
    Arkansas Lottery Proceed Funding for Vocational-Technical School Scholarships and Grants AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 18Yes votes: 30 (85.71%)No votes: 0 (0.00%)Yes: 5; No: 0Yes: 25; No: 0
    House:Required: 51Yes votes: 97 (97.00%)No votes: 0 (0.00%)Yes: 17; No: 0Yes: 80; No: 0


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2024.

    No measures to list

    See also

    Elections Arkansas State Government State Legislatures State Politics
    Ballotpedia Elections Badge-VOTE-no shadow-Square.jpg
    Arkansas State Flag-Close Up.jpg
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Arkansas State Senate, "Senate pro tempores," accessed February 9, 2021
    2. ↑ Justia, "Arkansas Constitution Article 5 - Legislative Department Section 4 - Qualifications of senators and representatives," accessed January 24, 2023
    3. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Primary Election Systems," accessed May 29, 2017
    4. ↑ Arkansas Secretary of State, "2018 Election Dates," accessed August 29, 2017
    5. ↑ Arkansas Secretary of State, "2016 Election Dates," accessed November 17, 2015
    6. ↑ Follow the Money, "Arkansas Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed April 21, 2015
    7. ↑ Follow the Money, "Arkansas 2008 Candidates," accessed May 28, 2013
    8. ↑ Follow the Money, "Arkansas 2006 Candidates," accessed May 28, 2013
    9. ↑ Follow the Money, "Arkansas 2004 Candidates," accessed May 28, 2013
    10. ↑ Follow the Money, "Arkansas 2002 Candidates," accessed May 28, 2013
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "Arkansas 2000 Candidates," accessed May 28, 2013
    12. ↑ Arkansas Legislature, "HJR1009," accessed February 9, 2021
    13. ↑ Arkansas Legislature, "Arkansas Code - Unannotated," accessed February 9, 2021 (Statutes, 10-2-118)
    14. ↑ Arkansas Legislature, "Arkansas Code - Unannotated," accessed February 9, 2021 (Statutes, 10-2-119)
    15. ↑ Arkansas Legislature, "Arkansas Code - Unannotated," accessed February 9, 2021 (Statutes, 10-2-120(a)(1))
    16. ↑ Arkansas Legislature, "Arkansas Code - Unannotated," accessed February 9, 2021 (Statutes, 7-11-103(a))
    17. ↑ Arkansas Legislature, "Arkansas Code - Unannotated," accessed February 9, 2021 (Statutes, 7-11-105 1 (a)-(c))
    18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 All About Redistricting, "Arkansas," accessed April 20, 2015
    19. ↑ Democracy Docket, "Arkansas State Conference NAACP v. The Arkansas Board of Apportionment complaint," Dec. 29, 2021
    20. ↑ Arkansas Online, "Arkansas board accepts redrawn legislative district maps," Oct. 30, 2021
    21. ↑ Tolbert Report, "New Arkansas Senate Map Drafts," March 23, 2011 (dead link)
    22. ↑ Arkansas News, "Plans by Beebe, McDaniel for Senate redistricting draw grumbles," July 17, 2011 (dead link)
    23. ↑ Arkansas News UPDATE Governor’s redistricting maps adopted by panel, 29 July 2011]
    24. ↑ State of Arkansas Executive Department, "Proclamation," March 24, 2020
    25. ↑ UA Little Rock Public Radio, "Arkansas Lawmakers Conclude Coronavirus Special Session Early Saturday," March 28, 2020
    26. ↑ arkansasmatters.com, "Arkansas Works Set for Special Session," accessed April 6, 2016
    27. ↑ Houston Chronicle, "Things to watch in 2015 Arkansas legislative session," January 10, 2015
    28. ↑ The Arkansas Traveler, "Arkansas State Legislature Creates Entrepreneurship Program for College Seniors," accessed May 9, 2014
    29. ↑ akrnasasbusiness.com, "Fiscal Session 2014: A User's Guide to the Arkansas Legislature," February 10, 2014
    30. ↑ arkansasbusiness.com, "Sine Die: Arkansas Lawmakers Formally End Legislative Session," May 17, 2013 (dead link)
    31. ↑ Arkansas online, " Legislative panel rejects pay rise for elected officials," January 16, 2013
    32. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    33. ↑ Arkansas House of Representatives, "About the House," accessed April 21, 2015
    34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
    35. ↑ Appropriations are considered annually for certain departments. See Page 13 here for more information.
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