Arkansas Issue 3, Initiative Process and Legislative Referral Requirements Amendment (2020)
| Arkansas Issue 3 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Election date November 3, 2020 | |
| Topic Direct democracy measures and State legislatures measures | |
Status Defeated | |
| Type Constitutional amendment | Origin State legislature |
Arkansas Issue 3, the Initiative Process and Legislative Referral Requirements Amendment, was on the ballot in Arkansas as a legislatively referred constitutional amendment on November 3, 2020. It was defeated.
A "yes" vote supported this constitutional amendment to change requirements for citizen initiatives and legislative referrals, including:
|
A "no" vote opposed this constitutional amendment, thus:
|
Election results
|
Arkansas Issue 3 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Result | Votes | Percentage | ||
| Yes | 503,028 | 44.07% | ||
|
|
638,319 | 55.93% | ||
Overview
What would Issue 3 have changed about ballot issues in Arkansas?
This amendment would have done the following:[1]
- required that a petition must contain valid signatures equaling at least half of the required percentage of signatures from each of 45 counties instead of the current requirement of 15 counties;
- required a three-fifths vote of both chambers of the legislature to refer a proposed constitutional amendment to voters;
- eliminated the option for petitioners to collect extra signatures for 30 days if the petition fails to meet the signature requirement but the petition has at least 75% of the valid signatures needed;
- required challenges to the sufficiency of any ballot measure to be filed no later than April 15 of the election year; and
- required signatures for citizen initiative petitions to be submitted to the secretary of state by January 15 of the election year rather than the current deadline of four months before the election.
| Current requirements | Proposed requirements under 2020 leg. referral | |
|---|---|---|
| Distribution requirement[2] | Half of signatures from 15 counties | Half of signatures from 45 counties |
| Signature deadline | Around early July; 4 months before election | January 15th of election year; about 9.5 months before election |
| Opportunity to collect additional signatures if short[3] | 30 days | No opportunity |
| Deadline to bring a legal challenge against a petition | No deadline | April 15 of the general election year |
| Vote required in the legislature to refer constitutional amendment to voters | 50%+1 simple majority vote | Three-fifths (60%) vote |
Text of measure
Ballot title
The ballot title for this amendment is as follows:[1]
| “ |
An amendment to the Arkansas Constitution to amend the process for the submission and approval of proposed initiated acts, constitutional amendments, and referenda.[4] |
” |
Ballot summary
The ballot summary, also called the Popular Name, of the amendment is as follows:[1]
| “ |
A Constitutional Amendment To Amend The Process For The Submission, Challenge, And Approval Of Proposed Initiated Acts, Constitutional Amendments, And Referenda[4] |
” |
Constitutional changes
- See also: Arkansas Constitution
Issue 3 would have amended Section 1 of Article 5 and Section 22 of Article 19 of the Arkansas Constitution. The measure would have also amended the Amendment 70 in the Arkansas Constitution. The following underlined text would have been added and struck-through text would have been deleted.
Note: Use your mouse to scroll over the below text to see the full text.
Initiative. The first power reserved by the people is the initiative. Eight
Referendum. The second power reserved by the people is the referendum, and any number not less than six Upon all initiative or referendum petitions provided for in any of the sections of this article, it shall be necessary to file from at least
Court Decisions. If the sufficiency of any petition is challenged such cause shall be a preference cause and shall be tried at once
EXTENSION OF TIME. If a deadline under this section occurs on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the deadline shall be the next day which is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.
§ 22. Constitutional amendments. Either branch of the General Assembly, at a regular session thereof, may propose amendments to this Constitution; and if the same be agreed to by
§ 2. Additional Constitutional amendments authorized. (a) In addition to the three (3) amendments to (b) Only one (1) amendment to (c) An amendment proposed under the authority of this section shall comply with the requirements of Article 19, § 22, of this Constitution.[4] |
Readability score
- See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2020
| Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The state legislature wrote the ballot language for this measure.
|
Support
Committee to Protect the Arkansas Constitution led the campaign in support of Issue 3. The committee was formed by the Arkansas State Chamber of Commerce, Associated Industries of Arkansas, and the Arkansas Farm Bureau.[5]
Legislative sponsor
This amendment was sponsored by Rep. DeAnn Vaught (R).
Supporters
Officials
- U.S. Senator Tom Cotton (R)
- Arkansas State Senator Trent Garner (R)
- Arkansas State Senator Mathew Pitsch (R)
- Arkansas State Representative DeAnn Vaught (R)
Organizations
Arguments
Opposition
Protect AR Voices and Protect AR Rights led the campaign in opposition to the measure.
Oppponents
Organizations
- Arkansas Education Association
- League of Women Voters of Arkansas
- NAACP of Arkansas
- U.S. Term Limits
Arguments
Campaign finance
Ballotpedia identified two committees registered to support the measure: Committee to Protect the Arkansas Constitution and Arkansans for Arkansans. Together, the committees raised $486,549.27 and spent $477,509.74.
Ballotpedia identified four committees in opposition to the measure: Protect AR Voices, Protect AR Rights, Citizens in Charge, and Liberty Initiative Fund. Together, the comittees raised $112,794.13 and spent $107,728.00.
Citizens in Charge and Liberty Initiative Fund were also registered to oppose Issue 2.
| Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Support | $473,229.27 | $13,320.00 | $486,549.27 | $464,189.74 | $477,509.74 |
| Oppose | $106,294.13 | $6,500.00 | $112,794.13 | $101,228.00 | $107,728.00 |
Support
The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committees in support of the measure.[6]
| Committees in support of Issue 3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Committee | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
| Committee to Protect the Arkansas Constitution | $372,273.86 | $13,320.00 | $385,593.86 | $372,273.86 | $385,593.86 |
| Arkansans for Arkansans | $100,955.41 | $0.00 | $100,955.41 | $91,915.88 | $91,915.88 |
| Total | $473,229.27 | $13,320.00 | $486,549.27 | $464,189.74 | $477,509.74 |
Donors
The following were the top donors to the support campaign.[6]
| Donor | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arkansas Farm Bureau Federation | $154,319.05 | $13,320.00 | $167,639.05 |
| Delaware North | $106,136.96 | $0.00 | $106,136.96 |
| Oaklawn Racing Casino Resort | $106,136.96 | $0.00 | $106,136.96 |
| Republican Party of Arkansas | $94,955.41 | $0.00 | $94,955.41 |
| Arkansas State Chamber of Commerce | $10,000.00 | $0.00 | $10,000.00 |
Opposition
The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committees in opposition to the measure.[6]
| Committees in opposition to Issue 3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Committee | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
| Protect AR Rights | $78,132.00 | $4,500.00 | $82,632.00 | $73,132.00 | $77,632.00 |
| Citizens in Charge | $17,900.00 | $0.00 | $17,900.00 | $17,900.00 | $17,900.00 |
| Liberty Initiative Fund | $6,400.00 | $2,000.00 | $8,400.00 | $6,400.00 | $8,400.00 |
| Protect AR Voices | $3,862.13 | $0.00 | $3,862.13 | $3,796.00 | $3,796.00 |
| Total | $106,294.13 | $6,500.00 | $112,794.13 | $101,228.00 | $107,728.00 |
Donors
The following were the top donors to the opposition campaign.[6]
| Donor | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|
| AR Advocates for Family and Children | $25,000.00 | $0.00 | $25,000.00 |
| AR Educaton Association | $20,000.00 | $0.00 | $20,000.00 |
| League of Women Voters of Arkansas | $20,000.00 | $0.00 | $20,000.00 |
| AR Public Policy Panel | $15,000.00 | $4,500.00 | $19,500.00 |
| Citizens in Charge | $17,900.00 | $0.00 | $17,900.00 |
| Alliance for a Batter AR | $5,000.00 | $0.00 | $5,000.00 |
Methodology
To read Ballotpedia's methodology for covering ballot measure campaign finance information, click here.
Polls
In an October 2020 poll by Talk Business & Politics and Hendrix College, 647 likely voters were asked the following question:[7]
| “ |
Finally, the November ballot will include a proposed amendment to the Arkansas Constitution regarding changes to the ballot initiative process, known as Issue 3. Issue 3 would amend the process for the submission, challenge, and approval of proposed initiated acts, constitutional amendments and referenda. If the election were being held today, would you vote for or against Issue 3?[4] |
” |
Poll results are shown below:
| Arkansas Issue 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poll | Support | Oppose | Undecided | Margin of error | Sample size | ||||||||||||||
| Talk Business & Politics and Hendrix College poll 10/11/20 - 10/13/20 | 20.0% | 35.0% | 45.0% | +/-4.9 | 647 | ||||||||||||||
| Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org. | |||||||||||||||||||
Background
Direct democracy in Arkansas
Initiative circulation periods and signature deadlines
A circulation period is the time frame in which a petition can be circulated to obtain the minimum amount of signatures required by state law to place the petition on the ballot. In many states, there are restrictions on how long a petition can be circulated.[8] The circulation period time frame is important for any ballot initiative because it may take time to get a volunteer network gathered and organized to obtain signatures. When signatures are obtained by volunteers, then, longer circulation periods are preferred.[8]
Arkansas is like two other states— Ohio and Utah— where petitioners have an unlimited window in which to collect signatures. In Arkansas, signatures must be filed four months before the election in which the measure is to appear on the ballot. Assuming a November general election date, the current signature deadline for petitions in Arkansas is early July.
If enough submitted signatures are verified to put the petition at or above 75% of the required signatures, petitioners have an extra 30 days to collect supplementary signatures or prove invalidated signatures were actually valid.
Initiative signature distribution requirements
A distribution requirement is a statutory or constitutional mandate requiring that petitions for a ballot measure or candidate must be signed by voters from different political subdivisions in order for the ballot measure or candidate to qualify for the ballot. In the 26 states that feature the powers of initiative, veto referendum, or both, 17 have a distribution requirement, while 9 of them do not. Where there are distribution requirements for initiative petitions, the political jurisdiction varies. In seven states, the distribution requirement is spread out over a state's counties (Arkansas, Massachusetts, Maryland, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, and Wyoming). In five states, it is calculated based on state legislative districts (Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and Utah). In the other five states with a distribution requirement, it is based on U.S. congressional districts (Florida, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, and Nevada).
Arkansas requires that a petition must contain qualified signatures equaling at least half of the required percentage of signatures from each of 15 counties—i.e. one-half of 10% = 5% for an amendment; one-half of 8% = 4% for a statute. For example, if 1,000 people voted for governor in a county and the petition is for a constitutional amendment, the signatures of 50—5% of 1,000—qualified electors would be required in that county to meet the requirement for one county out of the 15-county requirement. The requirement was created by Arkansas Amendment 7 in 1920.[9]
Citizen initiatives on the ballot in Arkansas
From 1996 through 2018, 15 citizen initiatives (initiated state statutes and initiated constitutional amendments) appeared on the ballot in Arkansas. Voters approved nine and rejected six of the initiatives. All of the initiatives were on the ballot for general elections during even-numbered election years. The average number of citizen initiatives appearing on the general election ballot was about one. The approval rate at the ballot box was 60% during the 22-year period from 1996 through 2018. The rejection rate was 40%. Of the 15 total citizen initiatives, eight were constitutional amendments and seven were state statutes. The constitutional amendments had a 50% approval rate with voters approving four and rejecting the other four. Of the state statutes, five were approved and two were defeated for an approval rate of 71.43%.
| Citizen initiatives in Arkansas, 1996-2018 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number | Approved | Percent approved | Defeated | Percent defeated | Annual average | Annual minimum | Annual maximum | ||
| 15 | 9 | 60% | 6 | 40% | 1.25 | 0 | 3 | ||
Legislatively referred amendments on the ballot in Arkansas
For the Arkansas legislature to refer a constitutional amendment to the ballot, a 50%+1 simple majority vote is required in each chamber of the legislature. Nine other states also allow a referred amendment to go on the ballot after a majority vote in one session of the state's legislature. Seven states allow a referred amendment to go on the ballot after a majority vote in two successive sessions of the state's legislature. Nine states allow a referred amendment to go on the ballot after a three-fifths 60% supermajority vote in one session of the state's legislature. Seventeen states allow a referred amendment to go on the ballot after a two-thirds (66.67%) supermajority vote in one session of the state's legislature.
From 1996 through 2018, the state legislature referred 28 constitutional amendments to the ballot. Voters approved 22 and rejected six of the referred amendments. All of the amendments were referred to the ballot for general elections during even-numbered election years. The average number of amendments appearing on the general election ballot was between two and three. The approval rate at the ballot box was 78.57% during the 22-year period from 1996 through 2018. The rejection rate was 21.43%.
| Legislatively referred constitutional amendments, 1996-2018 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number | Approved | Percent approved | Defeated | Percent defeated | Annual average | Annual minimum | Annual maximum | ||
| 28 | 22 | 78.57% | 6 | 21.43% | 2.33 | 1 | 3 | ||
Bills concerning ballot measure law in Arkansas
As of September 2019, Ballotpedia tracked 14 legislative bills proposed in the 2019 legislative session concerning ballot measure law in Arkansas. One bill, Senate Bill 346, was approved. It was designed to do the following:
- make the state board of election commissioners rather than the attorney general responsible for approving a filed initiative and its ballot title and popular name;
- change the timeline for approval of the ballot title and popular name to after signatures are submitted;
- establish that, once signatures are submitted, if the board of elections does not approve the ballot title and popular name, the initiative petition is insufficient and cannot be certified for the ballot even if enough signatures were submitted; and
- enact other provisions related to signature verification, approval of the ballot title and popular name, and related petitions to the Arkansas Supreme Court.
In 2017, the legislature considered eight bills to alter ballot measure law in the state. One bill, House Bill 1440, was approved. It was designed to require initiative and referendum sponsors to file a list of paid circulators, their addresses, and their signature cards to the secretary of state upon filing their petition.
Direct democracy measures on the ballot in Arkansas
People in Arkansas gained the power of initiative and referendum in 1910 with the approval of the Arkansas Initiative and Referendum Amendment which was referred to the ballot by the state legislature and approved by voters on September 5, 1910.
Voters in Arkansas have voted on six measures concerning their initiative and referendum process between 1910 and 2018. Three measures appearing on the ballot in 1916, 1920, and 1922 concerned the definitions of initiative and referendum.
In 1996, Proposed Amendment 3 was on the ballot in Arkansas as a legislatively referred constitutional amendment. It was defeated. The measure would have modified procedures for the publication and legal review of statewide initiatives and referendums.
In 2014, voters approved legislatively referred amendment Issue 2, which required initiative sponsors to collect at least 75% of the required valid signatures in order to be afforded additional time to gather extra signatures if the petition turned into the Secretary of State was short. Under previous Arkansas laws, there had been no threshold required to receive additional time to gather more signatures.
Direct democracy measures, 2020
- See also: Direct democracy measures on the ballot
Five measures that were designed to change the state's laws governing citizen initiatives or other ballot measures were on the ballot in four states for the election on November 3, 2020. The measures included questions about a state's initiative and referendum process, signature gathering requirements, constitutional amendment requirements, and other topics. Click [show] to read more about direct democracy measures in 2020.
| Direct democracy measures, 2020 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 direct democracy measures on the ballot: Click here to read about changes to laws governing ballot measures in 2019 and here to read about changes to laws governing ballot measures in 2020. | |||||
Path to the ballot
- See also: Amending the Arkansas Constitution
To put a legislatively referred constitutional amendment before voters, a simple majority vote is required in both the Arkansas State Senate and the Arkansas House of Representatives.
The amendment was sponsored by Rep. DeAnn Vaught (R) as House Joint Resolution 1008. The amendment passed in the House on April 4, 2019, in a vote of 68-20 with 12 not voting or voting present. Of the 24 House Democrats, 16 voted no and four voted yes, while four others did not vote or voted present. Of the 76 House Republicans, 64 voted in favor of the amendment, four voted no, and eight did not vote or voted present. The measure passed in the Senate on April 8, 2019, in a vote of 25-10. All nine Senate Democrats voted no. All Republican Senators voted yes except Sen. Jonathan Dismang (R-28).[10]
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Lawsuits
| Lawsuit overview | |
| Issue: Ballot language; whether the ballot language for the Initiative Process and Legislative Referral Requirements Amendment and the State Legislative Term Limits Amendment is inaccurate and misleading | |
| Court: Pulaski County Circuit Court | |
| Ruling: Dismissed by Pulaski County circuit court judge Judge Mary McGowan | |
| Plaintiff(s): Tom Steele, chairman of the Arkansas Term Limits committee and his attorney, David Couch | Defendant(s): Arkansas Secretary of State John Thurston |
| Plaintiff argument: The ballot language is inaccurate and misleading | Defendant argument: Unknown/no comment |
Source: Northwest Arkansas Online
Tom Steele, chairman of the Arkansas Term Limits committee and his attorney, David Couch, filed a lawsuit in Pulaski County Circuit Court on June 29, 2020, naming Arkansas Secretary of State John Thurston as a defendant. Plaintiffs allege that the ballot language for the Initiative Process and Legislative Referral Requirements Amendment and the State Legislative Term Limits Amendment is inaccurate and misleading. Couch said, "The General Assembly has referred two measures, neither one of them are adequately described as what they do, how they affect the current law, and, because of that, it's really just deceptive. Those two measures don't have what is called a ballot title on them, and a ballot title tells voters exactly what they're voting for, so when they go to vote, they'll know that the term-limits amendment basically does away with term limits. And the initiative and referendum amendment, what it does is basically changes the initiative and referendum process to make it much more difficult for citizens to do."[13]
As of June 30, Thurston had made no comment on the lawsuit, but a spokesman for the attorney general's office said the attorney general would review the lawsuit and determine the state's response.[13] The lawsuit was dismissed by Dismissed by Pulaski County circuit court judge Judge Mary McGowan on September 9, 2020.[14]
| Lawsuit overview | |
| Issue: Whether Initiative Process and Legislative Referral Requirements Amendment and the State Legislative Term Limits Amendment should be overturned | |
| Court: Arkansas Supreme Court | |
| Ruling: Dismissed | |
| Plaintiff(s): Andrew Kimbrell | Defendant(s): N/A |
| Plaintiff argument: "Newspaper circulation and readership is at an all-time low and declining rapidly, and newspaper readers are showing little interest in the public notice section of the newspaper. That being the case, the Court must revisit whether the newspaper publication requirement under [the Arkansas Constitution] is sufficient to sustain the presumption of informed voters." | Defendant argument: Unknown/no comment |
Source: Northwest Arkansas Online
Andrew Kimbrell filed a lawsuit seeking to overturn Initiative Process and Legislative Referral Requirements Amendment and the State Legislative Term Limits Amendment. Kimbrell's attorney argued, "Newspaper circulation and readership is at an all-time low and declining rapidly, and newspaper readers are showing little interest in the public notice section of the newspaper. That being the case, the Court must revisit whether the newspaper publication requirement under [the Arkansas Constitution] is sufficient to sustain the presumption of informed voters."[15]
The lawsuit was dismissed. Justice Karen Baker said, "The amendment was presented to the voters, the voters cast their ballots, the votes have been counted, the amendment was approved, and the deadline for the county boards of election commissioners to certify the election has passed. Accordingly, a judgment by this court will have no practical legal effect; therefore, the issue is moot."[15]
How to cast a vote
- See also: Voting in Arkansas
Click "Show" to learn more about voter registration, identification requirements, and poll times in Arkansas.
| How to cast a vote in Arkansas | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poll timesIn Arkansas, all polls are open from 7:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. on Election Day. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[16] Registration requirements
To vote in Arkansas, one must be a citizen of the United States and a resident of Arkansas. A voter must be 18 years of age or older on or before Election Day.[17] Registration must be completed no later than 30 days before the election in which a voter wishes to participate. Citizens must complete and submit a voter registration application to their county clerk or other authorized voter registration agency. Applications may be obtained at the following locations:[17]
Automatic registrationArkansas does not practice automatic voter registration. Online registration
Arkansas does not permit online voter registration. Same-day registrationArkansas does not allow same-day voter registration. Residency requirementsArkansas law requires 30 days of residency in the state before a person may vote. Verification of citizenshipArkansas does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration. Verifying your registrationThe site Voter View, run by the Arkansas Secretary of State's office, allows residents to check their voter registration status online. Voter ID requirementsArkansas requires voters to present photo identification while voting. The identification must include the voter’s name and photograph. It must be issued by "the United States, the State of Arkansas, or an accredited postsecondary educational institution in the State of Arkansas." If the identification has an expiration date on it, it cannot be expired for "more than four (4) years before the date of the election in which the voter seeks to vote."[18] The following list of accepted ID was current as of April 2023. Click here for the Arkansas Secretary of State's page on accepted ID to ensure you have the most current information.
"A person who is a resident of a long-term care or residential care facility licensed by the state of Arkansas is not required to verify his or her registration by presenting a document or identification card as described above when voting in person, but must provide documentation from the administrator of the facility attesting that the person is a resident of the facility," according to the Arkansas Secretary of State’s office.[18] Voters can obtain a free voter verification card at their county clerk’s office. "[V]oters will be required to complete an affidavit stating they do not possess such identification, and must provide documentation containing their full legal name and date of birth, as well as documentation containing their name and residential address."[18] | |||||
See also
External links
- HJR 1008 overview
- HJR 1008 Full text
- Proposed and Referred Ballot Measures for the 2020 General Election
- Issue 3 information
SupportSubmit links to editor@ballotpedia.org. |
Opposition |
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Arkansas Legislature, "HJR 1008 full text," accessed April 16, 2019
- ↑ The distribution requirement was created by Arkansas Amendment 7 of 1920.
- ↑ If enough submitted signatures are verified to put the petition at or above 75% of the required signatures, petitioners have an extra 30 days to collect supplementary signatures or prove invalidated signatures were actually valid.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Arkansas State Chamber of Commerce, "2020 General Election Ballot Issues Update," accessed August 24, 2020
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedfinance - ↑ Talk Business & Politics, "Poll: Highway funding proposal Issue 1 poised to pass," accessed October 21, 2020
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 National Conference of State Legislatures, "Petition Circulation Petitions," accessed July 13, 2015
- ↑ Arkansas Secretary of State, "2010 Initiatives and Referenda: Facts and Information for the 2010 General Election," accessed July 14, 2015
- ↑ Arkansas Legislature, "HJR 1008," accessed March 28, 2019
- ↑ One Democrat voted present and another three did not vote
- ↑ Seven Republicans did not vote and one voted present
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Northwest Arkansas Online, "Lawsuit challenges two proposed November ballot measures," accessed July 1, 2020
- ↑ Arkansas Online, "Judge tosses suit on 2 ballot issues in Arkansas," accessed September 10, 2020
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Northwest Arkansas Online, "Ballot initiatives' challenge rejected by state Supreme Court," accessed December 4, 2020
- ↑ Arkansas Code, "Title 7, Chapter 5, Subchapter 43," accessed April 3, 2023
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Arkansas Secretary of State, "Voter Registration Information," accessed April 5, 2023
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Arkansas Secretary of State, "A Pocket Guide to Voting in the Natural State," accessed April 3, 2023
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